"Introduction to Morphological Analysis"

Spis treści

PREFACE 8

PART I: BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS 10

Chapter I. Morph, morpheme, morphology 10

1.0. Introductory 10

1.1. The morpheme 11

1.2. Word and lexeme 13

1.3. Morpheme and morph 15

1.4. Allomorphy 15

1.5. Inflection and derivation 17

1.6. Stem and base 18

1.7. Inflectional paradigms 18

1.8. Creativity and productivity 20

1.9. The place of morphology in the grammar 23

1.10. The lexicon 24

1.11. Lexicalization and blocking 26

Chapter II. Morphoiogical processes and word-manufacturing 29

2.0. Introductory 29

2.1. Concatenative processes 32

2.1.1. Compounding 33

2.1.1.1. Introductory 33

2.1.1.2. Problems of definition 33

2.1.1.2.1. Stress and prominence 34

2.1.1.2.2. Orthography and uninterruptability 38

2.1.1.2.3. Meaning 39

2.1.1.3. Problems of classification 40

2.1.1.3.1. Syntactic criterion 41

2.1.1.3.2. Constituent-structure criterion 44

2.1.1.3.3. Semantic criterion 50

2.1.2. Incorporation 58

2.1.3. Affixation 59

2.1.3.1. Introductory 59

2.1.3.2. Suffixation 60

2.1.3.3. Prefixation 60

2.1.3.4. Interfixation 61

2.1.3.5. Infixation 62

2.1.3.6. Circumfixation 63

2.1.3.7. Notę on "prefixal-suffixal" derivation 63

2.1.3.8. Transfixation 65

2.1.3.9. Othertypesofaffixation 66

2.1.3.9.1. Postfixation 66

2.1.3.9.2. Suprafixation 67

2.2. Nonconcatenative morphology 68

2.2.1. Reduplication 68

2.2.2. Internal modification 73

2.2.2.1. Yowel modification 74

2.2.2.2. Consonant modification 76

2.2.3. Conversion and paradigmatic derivation 78

2.2.2.3. 'Mixed' modification 78

2.2.4. Back-derivation 89

2.3. Word-manufacturing 93

2.3.1. Clipping 94

2.3.2. Blending 96

2.3.3. Acronymization 98

2.3.4. Analogical formation 99

2.4. Concluding remarks 101

Chapter III. Derivational types and derivational categories 103

3.1. Preliminaries 103

3.2. Approaching categorization in word-formation 105

3.3. Transpositional, lexical and tautological derivations 117

3.4. Prototype theory and morphological categorization 124

PART II: MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ENGLISH DERIYATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 132

Chapter IV. Derived nouns 132

4.1. Nomina Actionis 132

4.1.0. Introductory 132

4.1.1. O (conversion) 135

4.1.2. -ation 137

4.1.3. -ment 141

4.1.4. -al 144

4.1.5. -ance/-ence 146

4.1.6. -age 148

4.1.7. -ure 148

4.1.8. -y 149

4.1.9. Residual types 150

4.2. Nomina Essendi 151

Exercises 151

4.2.0. Introductory 151

4.2.1. -ness 152

4.2.2. -ity (-ty, -y) 154

4.2.3. -(anc)y/-(enc)y 160

4.2.4. -(ac)y 163

4.2.5. -(it)ude 165

4.2.6. -ism 166

4.2.7. Residual types 166

4.3. Subject nominalizations 168

Exercises 168

4.3.0. Introductory 168

4.3.1. Agentive nominalizations 171

4.3.1.0. Introductory 171

4.3.1.1. -er 173

4.3.1.2. -or 177

4.3.1.3. -ant/-ent 177

4.3.1.4. -ee 178

4.3.1.5. O (conversion) 179

4.3.1.6. Residual types 181

Exercises 185

4.3.2. Instrumental nominalizations 185

4.3.2.0. Introductory 185

4.3.2.1. -er 188

4.3.2.2. -or 189

4.3.2.3. -ant/-ent 190

4.3.2.4. -ing 191

4.3.2.5. Residual types 192

4.4. Object nominalizations 194

Exercise 194

4.4.0. Introductory 194

4.4.1. Patientive nominalizations 195

4.4.1.0. Introductory 195

4.4.1.1. -ee 195

4.4.1.2. Residual types 197

Exercises 199

4.4.2. Objective/Resultative nominalizations 199

4.4.2.0. Introductory 199

4.4.2.1. O (conversion) 200

Exercise 202

4.4.2.2. Residual types 202

4.5. Collective names 203

4.5.0. Introductory 203

4.5.1. -(e)ry 203

4.5.2. -dom 204

4.5.3. -age 205

4.5.4. Residual types 205

4.6. Female names 206

4.6.0. Introductory 206

4.6.1. -ess 207

4.6.2. Residual types 208

Chapter V. Derived adjectives 210

5.1. Relational 210

5.1.0. Introductory 210

5.1.1. -al and -ic (-ical) 213

5.1.2. Residual types 232

Exercises 235

5.2. Possessional 236

5.2.0. Introductory 236

5.2.1. -y 237

5.2.2. -ed 238

5.2.3. -ful 239

5.2.4. Residual types 240

5.3. Privative 241

Exercises 241

5.3.0. Introductory 241

5.3.1. -less 242

5.3.2. -free 244

Exercise 245

5.4. Similitudinal 246

5.4.0. Introductory 246

5.4.1. -like 248

5.4.2. -ly 249

5.4.3. -y 250

5.4.4. -ish 251

Exercises 253

5.4.5. Residual types 253

5.5. Objective/potential 254

5.5.0. Introductory 254

5.5.1. -able 256

5.6. Attenuative 259

Exercises 259

5.6.0. Introductory 259

5.6.1. -ish 260

5.7. Negative 264

5.6.2. Residual types 264

5.7.0. Introductory 264

5.7.1. im- 265

5.7.2. non- 267

5.7.3. iN- 268

5.7.4. dis- 269

Exercises 270

5.7.5. Residual types 270

Chapter VI. Derived verbs 271

6.1. Causative 276

6.1.0. Introductory 276

6.1.1. -en 277

6.1.2. O (conversion) 279

6.1.3. -ize 280

6.1.4. -ify 281

6.1.5. -ate 283

6.1.6. eN- 283

6.1.7. eN-...-en 284

6.1.8. Residual types 284

Exercises 285

6.2. Inchoative 286

6.2.0. Introductory 286

6.3. Reversative 288

6.2.1. -en and O 288

6.3.0. Introductory 288

6.3.1. un- 289

6.3.2. dis- 291

6.3.3. de- 291

Exercise 292

6.4. Ornative 293

6.4.0. Introductory 293

6.4.1. O (conversion) 294

6.4.2. -ize and -ate 294

6.5. Privative 295

6.5.0. Introductory 295

6.5.1. de- 296

6.5.2. O (conversion) 296

6.5.3. Residual types 297

6.6. Repetitive 298

Exercises 298

6.6.0. Introductory 298

6.6.1. re- 299

References 302

Subject index 312