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AnneIreneRiisøy
probablyobsolete.ClausKragsuggestedthatthisruleoriginatedinthefirsthalf
ofthetenthcentury,whenkingandearlbothpenetratedTrondelag.13
Accordingtothesagas,Hdkondidnotquiteperformthepaganritualsac-
cordingtoexpectations;however,hismemoriallayHákonarmálcomposedby
EyvindrFinnssonskdldaspillir,presentshimasakingwholyrmtvéum“revered
thesanctuaries.”14Whenthekinglyrmt,hehonouredandshowedrespect,and
thetermvécouldalsohaveamorespecificmeaningasitoccasionallyoverlaps
withthing.15InordertoberememberedassomeonewholyrmtvéumHdkon
probablypaidrespecttothepagansacredplaces,includingtheassemblies;he
spenttimeandeffortonre-organizingtheprovincialassembliesattheGulathing
andtheFrostathing.Hewasalsoinvolvedinmakingnewlawsforthesetwo
provinces.Hdkoncollaboratedwiththewisestandmostpowerfulmen;atthe
Gulathingwithlorleifrinnspaki(theWise)theforemostlegalexpertatthe
timeandwhowasalsoKingHdkon’suncleandasonofthepowerfulhersi
Hǫrla-Kdri(seefurtherbelow).AttheFrostathing,Hdkoncollaboratedwithjarl
Sigurlr.16ThereisatendencytoascribelawmakingtoChristiankings,or,in
thecaseofHdkon,toAnglo-Saxoninfluence,however,“law”wasofparamount
importanceforpagansocietytoo.17
KingHdkondidnotuseviolenceorweaponsattheassemblies,nordidhe
threatentousetheswordinhisconversionefforts.Hdkontoleratedheathens;
hiscooperationwiththeminmakinglawsmostlikelyalsoincludedelements
ofsyncretism.18Accordingtohisposthumousreputationheupheldpagansacred
places(possiblyincludingtheassemblies),andheevenpartlyparticipatedinthe
pagancult.Hdkonmayhavelackedasufficientbodyofchieftainstosupport
hisconversioneffortsanyfurther.Besides,whenHdkonwasfosteredatKing
Æthelstan’scourt,hewasinacountrywhichreligion-wisehadbeenpeaceful
13C.Krag,MotstandsbestemmelseneiFrostatingsloven(Oslo1969).
14R.D.Fulk,“EyvindrskdldaspillirFinnsson,Hdkonarmdl18,”inPoetryfromtheKings’
Sagas1.FromMythicalTimestoc.1035,ed.D.Whaley(Turnhout2012),191.
15InNorwegianmedievallaw,thevébönd(whichliterallymeans‘holybands’)enclosed
thejudgesattheassemblies.SeereferencesinG.StormandE.Hertzberg,NorgesGamleLove
indtil1387,vol.5(Christiania1895),695.
16J.BrendalsmoandA.I.Riisoy,”Reida.Endiskusjonavdenskarakterogopphav,”inEn
prisverdighistoriker.FestskrifttilGunnarI.Pettersen,ed.Å.Ommundsen,E.Opsahl,andJ.R.
Ugulen(Oslo2014),14-15.
17K.Helle,GulatingetogGulatingslova(Skald2001),34,arguedthatHdkonwasinfluenced
bythe“royalpattern”ofmakinglawsasaresultofbeingfosteredatAthelstan’scourt.Forthe
importanceofvariousaspectsof“law”inpagansociety,see,forexample,A.I.Riisoy,“Sacred
LegalPlacesinEddicPoetry.ReflectedinRealLife?”JournaloftheNorthAtlantic,vol.5(2013),
28-41;A.I.Riisoy,“EddicPoetry.AGatewaytoLateIronAgeLadiesofLaw,”Journalofthe
NorthAtlantic,vol.8(2016),157-71;A.I.Riisoy,“PerformingOathsinEddicPoetry:Viking
AgeFactorMedievalFiction?”JournaloftheNorthAtlantic,vol.8(2016),141-56.
18Forafurtherdiscussion,seeJ.BrendalsmoandA.I.Riisoy,Reida,15.
