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childetymologies.Toaccountfortheexistenceoftheseformsinthechild
languageDresher(1981)hasproposedthegeneralisationprinciple.Accordingto
thisprinciple,withthepassageoftime,morecomplexformsthatrequiremore
markingandareexceptional,areovergeneralisedasregular,unmarkedonesand
preferredoverthemsincetheirformationdoesn’trequireanyradicalchangesto
thestructureofwords.Atsomepointindevelopment,thegeneralisationprinciple
restrictstheformofthechild’srulesbyexcludingallirregularities.
Since
theacquisitionofirregularformsinEnglishbymeansofthe
generalisationprinciplecannotbeexplained,thelexicalprinciple,statingthat
individualparadigmaticalternationsarelearntasseparatelexicalitems,hasbeen
proposed(Ingram(1985)).Itshowswhychildreninitiallydonotproduce
overgeneralisations,suchasfoots(theyeitheromitirregularpluralsorusethem
correctly).Thisisduetothefactthatatfirsttheyacquiretheparadigmaticvariants
likecat-cats,dog-dogsasseparatepairsofwords,onlylaterrealisingthatthere
existsapluralmorpheme-s.Inthelightofthisprinciple,inthebeginningchildren
produceirregularpluralscorrectly,treatingthemasseparatevocabularyentries;
however,aftertheydiscovertheexistenceoftheruleofformingpluralsandthe
pluralmarker,theyattachitindiscriminatelytoallsingularnouns.
However,bypassingthroughthesetwostagesintheacquisitionofirregular
forms,thechildcouldconcludethattherearetwopluralforms:footsandfeet.In
ordertoexplainwhythisdoesnothappenWexler&Culicover(1980)have
proposedtheuniquenessprinciple,statingthatthechildselectsonlythisform
whichisusedinthechild’slinguisticenvironment.
Finally,childrenalsoresorttotheprincipleofstructuredependencyin
formingtheirutterances(Cook(1988)).Thisprincipleassertsthatknowledgeis
basedon[ł]structuralrelationshipsinasentenceratherthanonasequenceof
items(Cook(1988:2)).Itmeansthattheknowledgeoflanguageinvolvesthe
knowledgeofsyntacticcategories.
ProponentsoftheUGtheoryhavepresentedseveralargumentsfromthe
firstlanguageacquisitiondatatosupporttheirhypotheses.Firstofall,themain
characteristicsofL1acquisitionsharethesamepropertiesnotonlywithinone
languagebutalsoacrosslanguages.
3Thus,irrespectiveofthelanguagetobe
learnt,allchildrengothroughsimilarstages(e.g.theacquisitionofnegationis
verysimilarcross-linguistically).
Moreover,childlanguageisrule-governedandsystematic,andveryoften
rulescreatedbychildrendonotcorrespondtoadultones.Childrenarealso
extremelyresistanttocorrection,whichisyetanotherpieceofevidencethat
theypossessaninternalisedsystemofrulesthattheystandby.Therefore,the
3Evidently,aswillbeseeninthesubsequentpartofthischapter,thisviewisnotsharedby
theproponentsofcognitivism.
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