Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
CANSMOGMAKEUSUNHAPPY?…
Table3.Instrumentalvariablesfor2SCML–correlationmatrix
AQ_today
LS_tr
-0.18***
-0.15***
0.49***
0.02
-0.06
0.24***
-0.10*
Happy
PM_ord
LS_tr
Happy
PM_ord
AQ_
problem
0.08
-0.07
-0.02
Note:*p<0.1;**p<0.05;***p<0.01.
Source:owncalculation.
13
Twoinstrumentalvariablesareusedinordertofacilitatethe2SCML-based
testofAQ_todayendogeneity.First,anindicatorofpollutionawarenessisselect-
ed,capturingtherespondents’opiniononthegeneralintensityoftheAPproblem
intheirneighbourhood(AQ_Problem).Then,theobjectiveAPmeasurePM_ord
isselected.ItscorrelationcoefficientwithAQ_todayisinsignificant,butthelog-
linearanalysisprovidesevidencetoassumethatthese2variablesarerelated(see:
Section5.3).Importantly,the2instrumentsarenotcorrelatedwitheachother,
suggestingtheircomplementarity,andtheircorrelationwiththeSWBisnegligi-
ble.Itissignificantatthe10%levelonlyinoneinstance(AQ_Problem:LS_tr),
andinthecaseofHappynoneoftheinstrumentsissignificantlycorrelated.
5.Results
5.1.Surveyresults
TheSocialDiagnosis2015resultsareusedasapointofreferenceforthe
SWBmeasurescollectedinthesurvey.TheaverageresultforWarsawofthe
short-termevaluativeSWBindicatoremployedintheSocialDiagnosisequals
2.93ona1-4scale.Aftertherecalculationofthescale,tomatchlifesatisfaction
indicatorusedintheCATIsurvey,itequals8.08,providingafaircomparability
withtherecordedLSmeanvalueof7.45.Thereisnodirectcomparisonforper-
ceivedAPlevelsforWarsaw.MacKerronandMourato(2009)foundthat59%of
LondonersconsidertheAPlevelsintheirneighbourhoodaproblem-asimilar
concernisexpressedby72.5%ofCATIrespondents(AQ_problem),reflecting
arelativeseverityofAPinWarsaw.OtherstudiesonperceivedAPusecountry-
widesamples,andthereforethelevelofconcernexpressedbyCATIrespondents
inTargówekissimilartotheonerecordedinhighlyurbanisedTaiwan(Liaoetal.
2015),andmuchhigherthanthelevelsfoundforGermany(GoetzkeandRave
2015).RegardingtheobjectiveAPlevelsrecordedduringthesurvey,theirvari-
abilityissignificantlyhigherthaninotherstudiesontheperceived-objective
AP-acombinedeffectofWarsaw’sacuteAPandusingshort-termratherthan
long-termexposure.
