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AnIntroductiontotheCrystal
StructuresofOxidePerovskites
AnthonyMichaelGlazer
ClarendonLaboratory,UniversityofOxford,ParksRoad,OxfordOX13PU
&PhysicsDepartment,UniversityofWarwick,CoventryCV73AL.
Abstract
Perovskitesareamongstthemostimportantmaterialsthatcanshowswitchable
properties.Thisisbecausethevastrangeofstructuralmodificationsarisefrom
smallchangesintheatomicpositions.
Byfarthemostimportantoftheferroelectricoxidescomefromthefamily
ofperovskitematerials.Interestinperovskiteshasbeengrowingoverthe
last50orsoyearsatarapidlyexpandingrate.Forinstance,Figure1.1
showsaplotofthenumberofpapersusingtheword“perovskite”asafunc-
tionofyears.Backinthe1960sroughly50-100papersappearedeachyear,
butthenumberscontinuedtorise.In1987therewasajumpinthenum-
bers,broughtaboutbythediscoveryofhigh-temperaturesuperconductors:
althoughnotactuallyperovskitestheywerecloselyrelated.Therisehas
sincecontinuednearexponentiallyuntil2016whentherewasanotherhuge
jumptoatotalinexcessof35,000publicationsinoneyear!Thisispartly,
butnotexclusively,duetotherecentdiscoverythatcertainso-calledhybrid
perovskitesshowpromiseasphotovoltaicmaterials,andthisiscurrently
ahottopicinternationally.Sofar,around500,000papersonperovskites
havebeenpublished.
Thishugenumberofpublicationsnowamountstoapproximately2-3
publicationsperhour,makingitjustaboutimpossibleforanyresearcher
inthisfieldtomaintaintotalawarenessofthelatestresearch.
Inthisarticle,Ishallconfinemyselftosimpleperovskiteoxides,
asthesearebyfarthemostusefulpracticallyfortheirferroelectricbehav-
iour.Butthereadershouldbeawarethattherearemanymaterialswithre-
latedstructures,suchastungsten-bronzes,Aurivillius,Ruddlesden-Popper,