"English semantic loans, loan translations, and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users"

Spis treści

Table of contentsIntroduction / 9

1.1 Introduction / 13

Chapter1: Electronic varieties: Internet communication and Internet forums / 13

1.2 Language variation: Register, dialect, sociolect, genre, and style / 14

1.2.1 Definitions of the terms / 14

1.2.2 Components of register description / 16

1.3 The notion of Internet language and Internet communication / 18

1.3.1 Types of Internet communication / 18

1.3.2 General features of Internet language / 19

1.3.3 Linguistic features of Internet communication / 22

1.4 Situational description of Internet forums / 25

1.5 Concluding comments / 28

2.1 Introduction / 29

Chapter 2: Semantic loans, loan translations, and loan renditions: Theoretical considerations / 29

2.2 Semantic loans: Theoretical aspects / 30

2.2.2 Semantic loans and semantic neologisms: Definitions and general characteristics / 30

2.2.3 Semantic loans: Examples of terminological confusion / 35

2.2.4 Semantic loans: Types of semantic change according to the direction of the semantic modification / 37

2.2.5 Semantic loans: Types of semantic change according to the element Affected / 39

2.2.6 The influence of semantic loans on the existing system / 40

2.3 Loan translations: Theoretical aspects / 42

2.3.1 Introductory comments / 42

2.3.2 Loan translations: Definitions / 43

2.3.3 Loan translations: Classification / 45

2.4 Problems connected with the identification of semantic loans and loan Translations / 50

2.4.1 Introductory comments / 50

2.4.2 Distinguishing between semantic loans and native semantic innovations / 51

2.4.3 Distinguishing between semantic loans and lexical re-borrowings / 54

2.4.4 Distinguishing between loan translations and native phrasal innovations / 56

2.4.5 Distinguishing between semantic loans and loan translations / 59

2.4.6 Distinguishing between loan translations and loan renditions / 63

2.4.7 The status of loan creations / 66

2.4.9 Distinguishing between loan translations or loanblends and lexical borrowings / 69

2.5 The emergence of semantic loans and loan translations / 70

2.6 The reasons for introducing semantic loans and loan translations / 73

2.7 Normative assessment of semantic loans and loan translations / 77

2.8 English semantic loans and loan translations in Polish / 80

2.8.1 General observations / 80

2.8.2 English semantic loans and loan translations in Polish: Literature review / 82

2.9 English semantic loans and loan translations in the Polish language of computer science / 88

2.9.1 Introductory remarks / 88

2.9.3 Brief discussion on English semantic loans and loan translations in the Polish language of computer science / 91

2.10 Concluding remarks / 95

3.1 Introduction / 97

Chap t e r 3: The corpus of informal Polish of computer users: General description / 97

3.2 Priority of Internet texts / 98

3.3 Definition and types of corpora / 103

3.4 The description of the present corpus / 107

3.4.1 General information / 107

3.4.2 Corpus compilation / 109

3.4.3 The size / 110

3.4.4 The structure of the corpus / 110

3.4.5 The respondents / 111

3.4.6 The status of the language of the corpus / 112

3.4.7 The level of formality of the texts / 114

3.5 Research questions / 116

3.6 Concluding comments / 117

4.1 Introduction / 119

4.2 The methodology / 119

Chapter 4: The analysis of semantic loans and loan translations found in the corpus / 119

4.3 Problems connected with corpus analysis / 121

4.4 The format of the description / 124

4.5 The analysis of semantic loans and loan translations / 128

4.5.1 Introductory remarks / 128

4.5.2 Single-word loan translations and loan renditions / 129

4.5.3 Loan translations and loan renditions not connected with a semantic loan / 130

4.5.4 Semantic loans with or without simultaneous loan translations and renditions / 136

4.6 Concluding comments / 266

5.1 Introduction / 267

5.2 Semantic loans found in the corpus: Statistical analysis / 267

Chapter 5: Conclusions / 267

5.3 L oan translations and renditions found in the corpus: Statistical analysis / 281

5.4 C oncluding comments / 285

Appendix 1: Internet forums included in the corpus / 287

Appendix 2: Semantic loans, loan translations, and loan renditions in context / 291

Appendix 3: Semantic borrowings found in the corpus / 321

Bibliography / 327

Index of names / 357

Subject index / 363

Streszczenie / 367

Zusammenfassung / 369