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Methodsandgroupingscanbemixedtomatchstudents'needsandworkstyles,
dependingontechnologyfacilitiesavailable.
L2.2.Typesofvirtualfieldtrips
Dependingonthemodeofworkandpurpose,virtualfieldtripscantakeavarietyof
forms.Thefirstdivisionistheoneintoeducationaltelefieldtrips,orcollectionsof
webpagesandlinkscreatedbyeducatorstostructuretheirstudents'Internetendeavours
(seeTheMidwestU.S.16,000YearsAgo,http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sitesAetsnet/
noframes/bigideas/bl/blpop3.html;orFieldtriptotheStudentExperimentalFarm,http:/
/score.rims.kl2.ca.us/activity/experimentalfarm/start.htm);andreal-worldtelefieldtrips,
createdbyinstitutionsmakingsomepartoftheirproductspubliclyavailable,together
withpresentationanddiscussion(seeTheToyotaAutomobileMuseum,http://
www.toyota.co.jp/Museum/data_e/a03_01.htmlorNASASpaceShuttleVirtualTour,
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-90/vrtour/index.html).AsSommerville
(1999)pointsout,thereisanimportantroleofthefacilitatingteacher,someonewho
experiencesthereality,assistsincreatingresources,managesaudioconferences,uploads
digitalimageryandwebpagesandcontributestothelistserver.
Ontheotherhand,telefieldtripscaneitherformapartofabiggercollaborative
project,inwhichstudentsinonelocationtakealocalfieldtripandsharetheirexperiences
directlywithotherstudentswhoareinterestedinsimilarcurriculum-relatedexperiences
(Harris,1998b;Sommerville,1999)ortheycanconstituteastand-aloneactivity,an
essentiallyvirtualexpedition,usuallypresentedinmultimediaformontheWorldWide
Web,andsometimesparticipantscanremotelyjointheinquiryprocess.
Apartfromateacher-createdfieldtripandafieldtripcreatedbysomeexternalparty,
BellandMason(1999),whentalkingabouttheintegrationofthefieldtripwithactual
fieldtrips,discusstwomoretypesoftasks:
thepre-fieldtripactivity,whichhelpstopreparestudentsforanupcomingclass
fieldtrip,previewingthesitestheywillbevisiting,anddecidingonhowmuchtime
shouldbeallottedforeachplaceofinterestusingtheinformationavailableonthissite;
thepost-fieldtripactivity,inwhichatelefieldtripisdesignedtohelpstudents
synthesisewhattheylearnedonaclassfieldtrip,withstudentsresponsibleforgathering
informationabouttheirassignedtopicandorganizingthisinformationfortheclass.
Turturice(2000)introducestheclassificationofvirtualtelefieldtripsaccordingto
thecontent,describingthefollowingtypes:
fact-findingmissions:dedicatedtolearningaboutanation,religion,person,event,
orissue(forinstance,studentsinahistoryclassstudyingthecrisisinKosovo);
culturalawareness:aimingatusingonlinemuseumstoanalyzeculturalartifacts
(e.g.,studentsvisitinganonlinemuseumcontainingWorldWarIIerapropaganda);
conceptapplication:showingtheapplicationoftheorytoreal-worldsituations
andpersonalities(forexample,studentsinaworldhistoryclassapplyingtheir
understandingsofpropagandaincreatingtheirownpropagandaposters);