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HelenaHrehová
patristicperiodconscienceindicatedtheninteriorityofhumanego”
(Origen,Augustine).IntheperiodofscholasticsthankstoSt.Thomas
Aquinasprevailedwithinthemeaningofthetermsynderesis,whichis
anapplicationofmoralprinciplesinpractice.St.Bonaventuraalsoin-
cludedthegood,desiresandfeelingsintheconceptofconscience.
Inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,startingwiththeSchoolof
TübingenandM.Schelerconsciencebegantobeassociatedwiththe
ethicsofvalues.N.HartmanninhisEthicsconceiveditasaninternal
voice,pointingtogoodandevilinone’sownbehavior,whichaccuses,
admonishes,condemns.nConscienceindicatesamoralbeingofthe
person”3.E.HusserlandE.Steinagainsawthehumanheartinthe
conscience.Conscienceisthusgraduallyidentifiedwiththeperson.
Accordingtoitsbehavioritcanbeassessedwhatkindofconscience
thereis(formedbythedirectness,defective,warped,lax,rigorous,
etc.).
Inthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturythereappearsapluralistic
understandingoftheconceptofconscienceemphasizingitsreligious,
ideological,cultural,social,political-legalaspects,andthuspostulat-
ingarequestfortheformationofconscienceinaccordancewithrea-
son.Theonomic-autonomousconceptsofconscienceasunderstoodby
F.Böckle,K.Rahner,B.Schüller,H.U.vonBalthasar,A.Molinaro,
S.Privitera,K.Wojtyla,seetheconscienceasarevelationofthehu-
mannI”initsthreeanthropologicaldimensions:
1.ConscienceasaconstitutiveactofthepersonalnI”viewedinits
totality(A.Molinaro);
2.Conscienceasamoralentitythatallowsfreedomandresponsi-
bility(B.Schüller);
3.Conscienceasafoundationandamoralvaluethatisidentified
withthehumanvalue,truth,freedom,responsibility,law(Rahner,
Balthasar,Privitera,Wojtyla)4.
3N.Hartmann,Ethics,EdizioniGuida,Napoli1970,p.181.
4Allthreeantropologieshaveincommonthatconsciencebringsthelightontheeveryday
situationsnfrominside”andinvitestobehaveresponsibly.Conscienceisnotanegative
butapositivevoice.Weshouldobserveitasngiftofsomebody”wholovesus.
