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paymentresembledbuyingofficesandwasinseparablyassociatedwiththe
essenceofthebureaucraticsystemoftheLaterEmpire,thereforeitisoften
quotedasanexampleofcorruptionwhichallegedlyconsumedthestate.52
Also,personsoriginatingfromagiventerritorywereformallyprohibited
fromholdingthefunctionofdiocesanadministratorinthatveryplace;this
reflectedtheexpectationthattheofficialswouldnotproveexponentsoflo-
calinterests.53
1.2.SOURCESANDLITERATUREOFTHESUBJECT
1.2.1.Legalsources
TheprincipalsourcesofRomanlawusedinthisworkincludeimperialcon-
stitutions.54Theseinstrumentswereprimarilyconcernedwithciviland
criminalmattersaswellasrelatedproceduralissues;theyalsospecifythe
rangeofcasesthatcouldbeexaminedbydiocesanvicars.Informationonthe
judiciaryofthevicarsmayalsobefoundinimperialconstitutionswhich
apparentlyprovideforvariousadministrativeissues.Hencetheconstitu-
tionswhichweredirectlyconcernedwiththevicars’supervisionoftax
collectionascertainstrictlyadministrativeaffairswereexcludedfromthe
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52ThevisionofoverwhelmingcorruptionissupportedparticularlybyMacMullen(1988).
Cf.alsoSchuller(1977);(1980);(1982)and(1989);Veyne(1981);Krause(1987):50-58.Theex-
tentandsignificanceofcorruptioninLateAntiquiteareneverthelessdebatable,whileitsscale
isquestionedaswell;seeCameron(1993)91-93;Kelly(1998):175-180;Harries(1999):153-171,
associatestoincreaseincriticalapproachtocorruptionwiththeimpactofChristianity;Bar-
nish,Lee,Whitby(2000):187-190.TheproblemisaptlycommenteduponinGarnsey,Hum-
fress(2001):55:HCorruptionthroughbriberywasafaultofthejudicialsystemfromtheearliest
daysofRome’sfoundation.”Inturn,Kelly(2004):107etseq.,183,pointstothesignificanceof
personalconnectionsasafactorwhichlimitedaccesstoofficialsandmadeitpossibletoman-
agetheEmpirethroughafairlymodestnumberofadministrativestaff.Ontheirnmberssee
Chapter3.2.Seealsoareviewofopinionsexpressedinliteraturewithrespecttobroadlyun-
derstoodcorruption,inconjunctionwithotherfactorswhichfosteredthedeclineorrather
transformationofthelateantiqueworldanatentativetypologyofcorruptionphenomena:
Bravo(2008).
53C.1,49,1(s.a.;datedtothesecondhalfofthefifthcentury)Cf.Chapter4.2.Holdingan
officeinone’snativeprovincewasasacrilegium:C.9,29,3(a.385).Cf.Dębiński(1995):
158etseq.;Pergami(2000):154,note187,withfurtherliterature.
54Thefollowingdictionarieswereusedasreferenceduringanalysisofalltypesofsources:
Dydyński(1883);Sophocles(1896);Heumann,Seckel(1914);Forcellini(1940);DuCange(1943);
Souter(1949);DuCange(1954);Abramowiczówna(1958-1965);Plezia(1959-1979);Mason
(1974);Avotins(1989);Sondel(1997);Jurewicz(2000-2001)andLewisandShort;LSJ;
TGL;TLL.
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