"Treaty-Making Powers of International Organizations"

Spis treści

Foreword 10

Acknowledgements 14

Principal Acronyms 16

Principal Abbreviations 18

General Introduction 20

1. General remarks 30

CHAPTER I 30

International organizations and other forms of international co-operation 30

2. International organizations: Definition 32

2.1. Lack of a unifying definition of an international organization 32

2.2. Notion of an international organization in the works of the International Law Commission 34

2.3. Attempts to define an international organization in the international law literature 38

2.4. Constituent elements of an international organization 41

2.4.1. Legal basis 41

2.4.2. Structure 50

2.4.3. Law applicable to international organizations 56

3. International organizations and more flexible forms of co-operation 58

4. International organizations and treaty bodies 66

4.1. General remarks 66

4.2. Human Rights treaty bodies 69

4.3. Multilateral Environmental Agreements treaty bodies 71

5. Legal personality of international organizations 76

5.1. General remarks 76

5.2. International legal personality 79

1. Capacity, powers and competences of international organizations 96

CHAPTER II 96

Powers of international organizations 96

2. The sources of the powers of international organizations 100

3. Inherent powers of international organizations 102

3.1. The essence of Seyersted’s concept of inherent powers 102

3.2. Doctrinal assessment of the concept of inherent powers 104

4. Attributed powers of international organizations 107

4.1. The essence of the attributed powers of international organizations 107

4.2. Decisions of international courts on the attributed powers of international organizations 113

5. Implied powers of international organizations 121

5.1. Origins of the concept of the implied powers of international organizations 121

5.2. International courts on the implied powers of international organizations 124

5.2.1. The Permanent Court of International Justice on the implied powers of international organizations 124

5.2.2. The International Court of Justice on the implied powers of international organizations 127

5.2.3. The Court of Justice of the European Union on the implied powers of international organizations 135

5.3. The basis for the implication of powers of international organizations 144

5.3.1. Nature of the basis for implication 144

5.3.2. Purposes and functions of international organizations as the basis for implication 146

5.3.3. Express powers of international organizations as the basis for implication 150

5.4. Limitations to the implication of powers of international organizations 153

5.4.1. Categories of limitations 153

5.4.2. Necessity or essentiality 154

5.4.3. Existence of express powers 156

5.4.4. Compliance of the implication of powers with fundamental rules and the principles of international law 158

5.4.5. Distribution of functions within an international organization 160

1. Treaty-making capacity and treaty-making powers of international organizations 164

CHAPTER III 164

Treaty-making powers of international organizations – General remarks 164

2. Nature of the treaty-making powers of international organizations 167

3. Inherent treaty-making powers 171

4. Attributed treaty-making powers 173

4.1. Essence of attributed treaty-making powers 173

4.2. Statutory provisions as the source of the treaty-making powers of international organizations 176

5. Implied treaty-making powers 185

5.1. Essence of the implied treaty-making powers of international organizations 185

5.2. Implication of the treaty-making powers of international organizations 189

6. Rules of the organization as the source of the treaty-making powers of international organizations in light of the 1986 Vienna Convention 196

6.1. General remarks 196

6.2. Nature of the rules of the organization 199

6.3. Established practice of an organization as the rules of the organization 201

1. Principle of conferral and the European Union’s external competences 204

CHAPTER IV 204

Treaty-making powers of international organizations – The case of the European Union 204

2. Statutory categories of the European Union’s external competences 206

2.1. Exclusive European Union’s external competences 206

2.2. Shared external competences of the European Union 209

2.2.1. Classification 209

2.2.2. Shared pre-emptive competences 209

2.2.3. Shared non-pre-emptive competences 210

2.2.4. Shared competences in the case of minimum Union standards 212

2.2.5. Shared competences in the area of foreign and security policy 213

3. Types of European Union treaty-making powers 215

3.1. Principle of conferral and European Union treaty-making powers 215

2.2.6. Conclusion 215

3.2. Expressly granted treaty-making powers 216

3.3. Exclusivity of the European Union’s treaty-making powers 220

4. European Union treaty-making powers in areas of shared external competence 224

4.1. Specificity of the European Union’s shared external competences 224

4.2. European Union treaty-making powers and shared pre-emptive competences 225

4.3. European Union treaty-making powers and shared non-pre-emptive competences 231

5. The European Union’s implied treaty-making powers 234

5.1. General remarks based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union 234

5.2. Implied treaty-making powers in the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon 236

5.3. Flexibility clause 243

6. Mixed agreements as a special category of the European Union’s international agreements 251

6.1. Characteristics of the European Union’s agreements 251

6.2. The European Union’s mixed agreements 253

1. Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Environmental Agreements as a phenomenon in international institutional law 264

CHAPTER V 264

Treaty-making powers of other forms of international cooperation – The case of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Environmental Agreements 264

1.1. Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in international environmental law 264

1.2. Legal basis of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements 270

1.3. Structure of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements 274

2. Powers of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements 279

2.1. General remarks 279

2.2. Law-making by Autonomous Institutional Arrangements 281

3. Autonomous Institutional Arrangements at the international level 289

3.1. External powers of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements 289

3.2. Treaty-making powers of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements and their sources 290

4. International agreements of Autonomous Institutional Arrangements 297

4.1. Classification 297

4.2. Agreements with host organizations 298

4.3. Agreements with host States 300

4.4. Agreements with other Multilateral Environmental Agreement treaty bodies 302

5. Treaty-making powers of environmental treaty bodies – some remarks on de lege lata and de lege ferenda 307

General Conclusion 312

Kompetencje organizacji międzynarodowych do zawierania umów międzynarodowych (Streszczenie) 318

Les compétences des organisations internationales de conclure des traités (Résumé) 330

1. Books and Monographs 332

Bibliography 332

2. Contributions to Collective Works 338

3. Articles 344

4. Miscellanea 348

1. Selected Cases 350

Sources 350

1.1. Permanent Court of International Justice 350

1.2. International Court of Justice 350

1.3. Court of Justice of the European Union 351

2. Selected International Agreements 352