"Strengthening the knowledge base for innovation in the European Union"

Spis treści

List of abbreviations 9

Preface 12

1.1. Introduction 15

1.2. Innovation policy as an element of the innovation system 15

1. Innovation Union initiative – an overview 15

1.3. History of the innovation policy in the European Union 17

1.4. The Europe 2020 strategy and its Innovation Union initiative 20

1.5. The European Union’s innovation performance in the years 2010-2017 in a comparative perspective 23

1.6. Summary and conclusions 27

References 28

2.1. Introduction 31

2. Additionality from public support to R&D and innovation in the European Union 31

2.2. Public financial support for innovation in the EU 32

2.3. Theoretical background and hypothesis development 33

2.4. Sample description and research method 42

2.5. Results 45

2.6. Discussion and conclusions 47

References 54

3.1. Introduction 59

3. The impact of Framework Programs on innovativeness in the European Union 59

3.2. The FP7, CIP and H2020 programs in a nutshell 60

3.3. Positioning of the FP7, CIP and H2020 key elements in the literature on innovation 62

3.4. The impact and efficiency of the FP7, CIP and H2020 68

3.4.1. The impact and efficiency of the FP7 69

3.4.2. The impact and efficiency of the CIP 71

3.4.3. The impact and efficiency of the H2020 72

3.5. The relationship between innovation input and innovation output from the innovation actors’ perspective 73

3.5.1. The role of actors in the FP7 74

3.5.2. The role of actors in the H2020 75

3.6. Conclusions 76

References 78

Appendix 82

4.1. Introduction 100

4. Supporting the research and innovation base through priority European research infrastructures 100

4.2. Definition, typology and basic features of research infrastructures 101

4.2.1. Definition, basic features and benefits of research infrastructures 101

4.2.2. Types of European research infrastructures 103

4.2.3. Monitoring and evaluating the economic impact of research infrastructures, with a focus on potential indicators and data 105

4.3. Theoretical background for analyzing research infrastructures 108

4.3.1. Social capital theory, innovative milieu, and the concept of creative class 108

4.3.2. Innovation systems theory 110

4.3.3. Economic network theory 112

4.4. Why the European Union needs to support the development of research infrastructures 113

4.4.1. Fragmentation of European investments in research infrastructure 113

4.4.2. The high complexity (scale and costs) of European research infrastructures 114

4.4.3. The complexity of projects in partnerships 115

4.4.4. The inherent technical complexity of projects 116

4.4.5. The need to solve key societal challenges 117

4.5. EU policy measures to support priority research infrastructures 118

4.5.1. Solution to the identified problems – European Roadmap for the ESFRI 118

4.5.2. Geographical distribution of FP7 (part INFRA) spending 118

4.5.3. FP7 and Horizon 2020 program (part INFRA) investments by main groups of innovation systems 121

4.5.4. Interactions between countries and their organizations engaged in Horizon 2020, part INFRA projects 124

4.5.5. Analysis of FP7 and Horizon 2020 program (part INFRA) investments in research infrastructures by types of actors 126

4.6. The impact of research infrastructures on European innovation – findings from empirical research, including the survey research 128

4.6.1. Results of the survey research conducted on coordinators of research infrastructures 128

4.6.2. The results of the survey research conducted on users of research infrastructures 137

4.7. Conclusions 143

References 148

5.1. Introduction 153

5. The role of Global Research Infrastructures as a tool of innovation policy 153

5.2. Global Research Infrastructures as an innovation policy tool 154

5.3. Theoretical perspective 158

5.3.1. Common-Pool Resources Approach 158

5.3.2. The concept of Critical Mass 160

5.3.3. Economics of Network Theory 162

5.4. Implementation of Global Research Infrastructures 163

5.4.1. Legal framework for Global Research Infrastructures 163

5.4.2. Participation framework for Global Research Infrastructures 164

5.4.3. Financial framework for Global Research Infrastructures 165

5.5. Impact of Global Research Infrastructures 169

5.5.1. Effects of financial and institutional leverage derived from non-EU countries 169

5.5.2. Global Research Infrastructure performance indicators 170

5.5.3. Results of the survey on European Research Infrastructure Coordinators 170

5.5.4. Results of the survey on participants of projects financed by the FP7 INFRA and H2020 INFRA 172

5.6. Conclusions 173

References 175

6.1. Introduction 181

6. Boosting public sector and social innovation in Europe 181

6.2. Public sector and social innovation: the concept 182

6.2.1. Understanding the role of public sector and social innovation 183

6.2.2. Financing research on social innovation and its role in society and the economy 184

6.2.3. The European Public Sector Innovation Scoreboard as a basis for further work to benchmark public sector innovation 185

6.3. Theoretical background for analyzing the impact of financing research on public sector and social innovation 186

6.4. Impact of the research program on public sector and social innovation 188

6.5. Impact assessment of the pilot European Public Sector Innovation Scoreboard (EPSIS) 192

6.6. Actors crucial to fostering public sector and social innovations 193

6.7. Conclusions and policy recommendations 199

References 200

7.1. Introduction 205

7. European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT): towards the excellence of European science 205

7.2. Theoretical perspectives on the EIT contribution to innovation 209

7.2.1. The knowledge triangle concept 209

7.2.2. The I-U collaboration approach 210

7.2.3. The networked innovation approach 211

7.3. The Strategic Innovation Agenda of the EIT 212

7.4. Actors involved in the EIT policy 214

7.5. Impact of the EIT and KIC actions 221

7.6. Conclusions 227

References 230

Appendices 234

8.1. Introduction 240

8. Implementing evidence-based policies: lessons learned from Joint Research Centre (JRC) activity 240

8.2. Evidence-based policy and its impact on innovation: a literature review 241

8.3. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) as a science support for European policy makers 246

8.3.1. Strengthening the European science base for policy making through the JRC 247

8.3.2. Quality of JRC scientific papers containing evidence for policy making 252

8.4. The impact of science-based policy on innovation: the case of the Joint Research Centre 257

8.5. Conclusions 266

References 267

Final conclusions 270

List of tables 274

List of figures and graphs 277

Editor and author bios 279