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DAVIDMALCOLM
non-textualrealitiesbybeingmarkedby“spotsofindeterminacy”
(Unbestimmtheitsstellen)(246).M.M.Bakhtininhisessay“Forms
ofTimeandtheChronotopeintheNovel:NotestowardaHistori-
calPoetics”(1937)arguesstronglyfortheimportanceofspatial
configurationwithinatext.Indeed,althoughthechronotopeis
acategorycombiningspaceandtime,itisnotablethatBakhtin’sex-
amplesareońenmorespatialthantemporal(theroad,theparlour,
theprovincialtown)(17-20).Similarly,inmeStructureoftheAr-
tisticText(1971),YuriM.Lotmanpresentsspaceasakeyelement,
alongwith,interalia,frame,plot,persona/character,andviewpoint
inthe“CompositionofVerbalArt”(217-41).Inanessayfrom
1978,“Przestrzeńwliteraturze:Elementarnerozróżnieniaiwstępne
oczywistości”(SpaceinLiterature:ElementaryDistinctionsandOb-
viousIntroductoryPoints),thePolishscholarJanuszSławińskialso
arguesstronglyforthemeaning-fillednatureofspaceintheliterary
work.Forexample,spaceshapesaction(theroad,theexoticvoy-
age);thestorybegins(asLotmanalsoinsists)withthetraversingof
aborder(20).Spatialelementsinatext,forexample,remoteness,
barriers,orenclosures,arealsoasourceofsupplementarymeanings
-connotationalandsymbolicextensionsofevents,indicatingde-
sire,estrangement,confinement(21).Morerecently,theessayscon-
tainedinRaumundBewegunginderLiteratur:DieLiteraturwissen-
schaflenundderSpatialTurn,editedbyWolfgangHallettandBirgit
Neumann(2009),makeaverystrongcasefortheanalyticandin-
terpretativeusefulnessofaspatialfocusinthestudyofawiderange
ofliterarytexts.Astheeditorswrite:“DieRaumdarstellungbildet
einedergrundlegendenKomponentenderfiktionalenWirklichkeit-
serschließung.RaumistinliterarischenTextennichtnurOrtder
Handlung,sondernstetsauchkulturellerBedeutungsträger”(“me
presentationofspaceconstitutesoneofthebasiccomponentsofthe
disclosureoffictionalreality.Inliterarytexts,spaceisnotonlyasite
ofaction,butalsoalwaysabearerofculturalmeaning”
,11).
mefollowingessayconsidersspaceintwoScottishnovelsofthe
mid-1950s:RobinJenkins’smeCone-Gatherers(1955)andJames
Kennaway’sTunesofGlory(1956).Althoughintermsofstorymate-
rialandsetting-Jenkins’snovelissetamonglabourersandgentry
onacountryestateinthewestofScotlandsometimearound1942-
1943;Kennaway’stakesplaceamongsoldiersinamilitarybarracks