The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages.

Ahmad Nazmi

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-8002-055-9

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

Rok wydania:

2014

Liczba stron:

474

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Nazmi, Ahmad. The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages.. Red. . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, 2014, 474 s. ISBN 978-83-8002-055-9

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Nazmi, A.

T1 The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages.

PB Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

PP Warszawa

YR 2014

SN 978-83-8002-055-9

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 118553, author = "Nazmi, Ahmad", editor = "", title = "The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages.", publisher = "Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog", year = "2014", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-8002-055-9" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Nazmi, Ahmad

ED -

TI - The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages.

PB - Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2014

SN - 978-83-8002-055-9

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Nazmi, Ahmad. The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages. [baza danych online] Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, 2014 [dostęp: 05 05 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/the-muslim-geographical-image-of-the-world-in-the-middle-ages-ahmad-nazmi-118553.

Oparta na bogatej bibliografii arabskiej i opracowaniach naukowych z całego świata analiza wiedzy geograficznej, znajomości kosmografii i astronomii w świecie muzułmańskim w średniowieczu. Arabowie czerpali tę wiedzę m. in. z nauki starożytnej Gre...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-8002-055-9

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

Rok wydania:

2014

Liczba stron:

474

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Title Page2
Book Info3
Table of Contents4
Preface7
Introductory Chapter – Reference Works and Research Tools10
1. The Scriptures of Islam, Qur’ān, and the Islamic Tradition16
2. The Mu‘tazilite and the Al-Ma’mūn School of thought, Iẖwān aṣ-Ṣafā’19
3. Geographical, Cosmographical, Astronomical, and Encyclopedic Sources and Travelers’ Accounts24
4. Travel and Marvels Books32
5. Encyclopedias33
6. Geographical dictionaries34
7. Technical Problems36
Chapter One – The Origin of the Geographical Muslim Images of the World44
1. The establishment of Islamic geography44
2. Cosmography and geography in Islamic traditions51
3. Doctrinal preface in Muslim geographical works53
4. The Model of the Circle and the Notion of the Sphericity of the Earth in Islamic Cosmography and Geography55
5. The Number Seven in Islamic Traditions and Geography or the Legend of the Septuaginta59
6. The Concept of the Legendary Ğabal Qāf (Qāf Mountain)62
7. The Transmission of Classical Geographical Knowledge to the Arabs67
Chapter Two – The Qur’ānic Stories and their influence on Islamic Geography75
1. The Conceptions of ‘Ayn al-Ḥayāt, Mağma‘ al-Baḥrayn, and Al-Barzaẖ in Muslim Tradition and Geographical Literature77
2. Magma ‘al-Baḥrayn, The Junction of the Two Seas, and the Barzaẖ84
3. The Story of Ğūğ (Gog) and Mağūğ (Magog) and Ḏū al-Qarnayn in Islamic Geographical Literature90
4. Ḏū al-Qarnayn96
Chapter Three – The Earth106
1. The Globular Shape of the Earth,106
Gravitational Force and Universal Gravitation112
The Circumference of the Earth114
The Measurement of Altitude Based on the Height of a Mountain119
The Measurement of the Radius of the Earth121
2. The Geographical Division of the Earth123
The Dividing of the Earth into Two Parts123
The Dividing of the Earth into Four Parts125
The Inhabited Quarter128
The Division of the Inhabited Quarter into Iqlims (Climes)131
The Trigonometric Construction in Determining the Difference of Longitude148
Chapter Four – The Oceans150
1. The Ocean in Islamic Tradition150
2. The Geographical Conception of the Word Muḥīṭ155
3. The World Ocean157
4. The Indian Ocean162
5. The Question of Ğaba1 an-Nadāma and the Connection between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans169
6. Ğabal an-Nadāma and the Cape of Good Hope179
7. The Question of the Western Sea (The Atlantic Ocean)184
Chapter Five – The Seas197
1. The notion of the Seven Seas and Islamic Tradition197
2. Baḥr al-Qulzum (The Red Sea)200
3. Baḥr ar-Rūm (The Mediterranean Sea)204
4. The Khazarian Sea (The Caspian Sea)209
5. The Sea of Brīṭānya (The English Channel and the North Sea)212
6. The Sea of Varanğ (The Baltic Sea)218
7. Nīṭ aš and Manīṭ aš – Pontus and Maeotis (The Black and Azov Seas)223
Chapter Six – The Islands and Archipelagos228
1. The Island of Men and the Island of Women230
2. The Island of Tūlī or Ṯūlī234
3. Al-Ğazā’ir al-H̱ālidāt (the Islands of the Blest) and Ğazā’ir as-Sa’ādāt (theFortunate Islands or the Islands of Happiness)236
4. The Islands of Sīlā – Šīlā – Sīlī or the Wāqwāq (Waqwāq) Islands245
Chapter Seven – The Rivers259
1. The Rivers in Qur’an and in Tradition259
2. The Nile River264
3. The Rivers of India282
4. The Kur River (Cyrus River)283
5. The Cayhfin River and Sayhun River (Oxus River and Jaxartes River)284
6. The Itil (The Volga River)286
Chapter Eight – The Mountains291
1. The term Ğabal: its meaning and etymology291
2. The Qur’ān and Traditions297
3. The Mountain of Sarandīb302
4. The Mountain of Sīnā’ (Mount Sinai)304
5. The Mountain of A1-Gūdī305
6. The Mountain of Ar-Raqīm306
The Scientific Approach for the Function of Mountains308
1. The Mountain of Al-Qamar (Al-Qumr)310
2. The Mountains of Daran (The Atlas Mountains)312
3. The Alps Mountain Range313
4. The Pyrenees315
5. The Ural Mountains317
6. The Taurus Mountains318
7. The Caucasus Mountain Range320
Chapter Nine – The Islamic World Map322
1. The World Map and the Islamic Cartography322
2. Al-H̱ārita al-Ma’mūnyya or The Islamic World Map of Al-Ma’mūn324
3. The Technical Information of Al-Ma’mūn’s Map325
4. Al-Mu‘iz’s World Map337
5. Al-Idrīsī’s World Map338
Annexes341
Bibliography350
About the Author381
Footnotes382
DIALOG publishing house471

mentionedinMuslimsources[13].AlthoughMuslimrecordstellus

thatmanyworksofPtolemyweretranslatedintoArabic,thereisno

literalrenderingofthesetextsinArabicexceptoftheworkof

Geography;butitseemsthatfromtheoutset,Muslimscholarstreated

thistextmuchmoreindependently[14].ForexampleinAl-

H̱ūwārizmīʼsworkṢurātal-arḍ(ThePictureoftheWorld),

weﬁnd

anewversionofPtolemy,partlycorrectedandcompleted,withother

fragmentspartlydistorted[15].

ItalsoseemsthatMuslimgeographers,whenlackingcontemporary

informationonparticularareasorregions,oftenhadrecoursetothe

informationpresentedbyGreeks,adoptingtheirnomenclatureand

dataoftheunknownorigin.ItwasprovedthatsometimesMuslim

authorsrepeatederroneousGreekassertionsonsomeinformation.

Consideringtheseerrors,onecanarguethatinMuslimgeography

therewasnoﬁrmanddeﬁnitestartingpointforscientiﬁcthoughtand

nopossibilityofdiscriminatingbetweenfactsborrowedfrom

diﬀerentsources.Eveninthetenthcentury,Muslimgeographersdid

notknowwhatwasauthenticallyfromPtolemyandwhathadbeen

addedbyMuslimauthors.Itcouldbesaidthattherearemany

technicalproblemstoovercomeinageneralreferencebookon

MuslimgeographybasedonMuslimIslamicmaterialsincluding

thosewritteninPersian[16].

ReferenceWorksandResearchTools

1.TheScripturesofIslam:

QurʼānandtheIslamicTradition

IbnH̱aldūnexpresseshisviewonthedivisionofknowledgeinto

twotypes.Theﬁrsttypeisthatofreligionsandthesecondtypeisthat

ofknowledgeofbodies,bothofwhichgenerallyconsistofmany

branchesofactualsciences[17].

IbnAbīUṣaybiʻasimilarlydividedknowledgeintoʻIlmal-adyān

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The Muslim Geographical Image of the World in the middle Ages.

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