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previousexperienceofaperson.ThebestmeasuresofGfareconsideredtobeabstract
tasks,suchasnumberseries,matrixproblemsandabstractanalogies.Cattelldefined
crystallisedintelligence,whichderivesfromGf,astheaccumulationofknowledgeand
skillsimportantinacertainsocio-culturalcontext.IdealtasksmeasuringGcaretests
basedonpreviously-acquiredknowledge,suchasvocabularyspan,readingcomprehen-
sionandgeneralinformation.Inthisestimation,thegfactorissuperiortoGfandGc.
Thismodelisuniversallyacceptedincontemporarypsychology(cf.Nęcka,2003;Stern-
berg,2004).Gfisabiologicalendowment–ageneticallyinheritedfactor,which,as
aresultofproper‘investments’,suchaseducationandacquisitionofknowledge,crys-
tallisestoformparticularskills.Researchresultsprovidedevidencethatbothfactorsare
highlycorrelatedandthatGfdeteriorateswithage,whereasGcdevelopswithgaining
knowledgeandexperience(Hunt,1998).Cattell,inhisInvestmentTheory(1971),as-
signedabigroletoGfinGcdevelopment.Asthetheorystates,fluid,inbornabilitiesare
investedintolearningtheresultsofwhichareevidentincrystallisedabilities.Thisex-
plainswhyGctests,forexamplemeasuringlexicalknowledge,constitutegood
measuresofGf(Nęcka,2003).ThedifferentiationbetweengeneralgandfluidGfwas
challengedbyGustaffson(1984),who,bymeansoffactoranalysis,providedevidence
thatGfisidenticalwithgeneralg.
Jensen(1998)regardsthegfactorasadistillatepermeatingallindividualdifferences
inintelligencetests.Heattributesindividualdifferencesinintelligencetotheefficiency
oftheneuralsystem.Jensenconstructedatwo-leveltheoryofintelligence.LevelIabili-
tiesinvolvethesimpleregistration,storageandrecallofsensoryinputs−abilitiescon-
nectedwithshort-termmemorytasks.LevelIIabilitiesreflectSpearman’sgfactorin-
volvinghighermentalprocessessuchasreasoning,manipulationofstoredinputs,ab-
stractionandproblemsolving.Toconclude,itwouldseemthatthereisstillnoconsen-
susregardingthespecificityofthegfactor;however,ahierarchicalmodelwiththe
gfactoratthetopandanumberofotherfactorssubmittedtoitisthemostcommonly-
-acceptedmodelinintelligencetheory(Nęcka,2003,p.44).
1.2.2.Carroll’s(1993)CognitiveAbilitiesModel
ProfessorJohnB.Carroll(1993)inhiswell-knownbookHumancognitiveabilities,
introducedahierarchicalmodelofhumanabilitiesbasedondataobtainedbetween1927
and1987from130000people.Heappliedafactoranalysiswhichrevealedtheexist-
enceofathree-stratummodel:StratumIincludesspecificabilities,forexamplespelling
abilityandspeedofreasoning;StratumIIincludesgroup-factorabilities,forexample
fluidandcrystallisedintelligence;andStratumIIIreflectsSpearman’sgfactor.Carroll
recognised2272first-orderfactors,542second-orderfactorsand36third-orderfactors.
Afurtherstepwastogroupthefactorsintobroaddomains;twentysuchdomainswere
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