Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
generalfactorg,orthecrystallisedintelligencefactorGc.Giventhis,itcanbeconclud-
edthattheverbalfactorishighlycorrelatedwithgandGc.Suchacorrelationiswell
describedinpsychologicalliterature(cf.Nęcka,2003).Animportantassumptionof
Carroll’stheoryisthatalllanguageabilitiestendtobehighlycorrelatedandthattheir
correlationisattributedtotheinfluenceofageneralhigher-orderfactoroflanguage
ability.InadditiontoFLaptitude,Carrollrecognisesanumberofotherfactorsincluded
inthedomainoflanguageabilitiessuchaslexicalknowledge,readingcomprehension,
readingdecoding,readingspeed,clozeability,spellingability,phoneticcoding,gram-
maticalsensitivity,communicationability,listeningability,oralproduction,andsoon.
Byandlarge,allprimaryabilitiestendtobesubsumedundermoregeneralcognitivefac-
tors.Carrollemphasisestherelationshipbetweenlanguageabilitiesandtheintelligence
factor:"measuresofvocabularyareamongthebestpredictorsofgeneralintelligence”(1993,
p.193),and:"Itisprobablethatthelevelofgeneralcognitivedevelopmentthatisorcan
beattainedbyanindividualatagivenagetendstosetlimitsontheleveloflanguage
developmentthatcanbeattainedatthatage”(1993,p.194).Ontheotherhand,hede-
pictslanguageabilitiesas"enormouslycomplexanddiverseandwehaveseenthatthere
appeartobeaseriesofsomewhatseparatefactorsoflanguageability,reflectingthat
complexityanddiversity”(1993,p.194).Inconclusion,itmaybestatedthatCarroll
treatslanguageabilitiesasseparatefromthegeneralintelligencefactor,buthighlycorre-
latedwithit
4.
1.2.3.Multi-primary-factormodelsofcognitiveabilities
Simultaneouslytohierarchicalmodels,whichproposedtwoorthreelevelsoffactors
hierarchicallysubsumedunderthegfactor,alternativemulti-primary-factormodels
emerged.ThemostimportantareThurstone’s(1938)TheoryofPrimaryMentalAbilities
andGuilford’s(1967)Structure-of-IntellectModel.Boththeoriesoptforanumberof
equalprimaryfactorsinhumanintelligence.
AninfluentialmodelofintelligencewasproposedbyThurstone(1938).HisTheory
ofPrimaryMentalAbilitieswasdifferentfromhierarchicalmodelsinthatitdidnot
includethesuperiorgfactor.Thurstonedistinguishedsevenprimarymentalabilities
givenequalstatus:verbalcomprehension,verbalfluency,number,perceptualspeed,
inductivereasoning,spatialvisualisationandmemory.Althoughnotpopularnowadays,
Thurstone’stheoryformedthebasisforcognitiveabilitytheoriesespeciallyinfluential
inSLAresearch,thatisthoseproposedbyGardner(1983)andSternberg(1985).
Gardner’s(1983)modelofmultipleintelligencesproposedthatthereisnosinglein-
telligencefactor,butratherasetofindependentmultipleintelligences.MultipleIntelli-
———
———
4TherelationshipbetweenintelligenceandFLaptitudeisdescribedinChapterThree,section3.1.3.
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