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TheChineseNationalismandForeignPolicyComponentinMass...
Guangzhou,Chengdu,Shenyang,etc.)showedaveryemotionalreaction
oftheChinesecitizenstothetragedy(Wong&Zheng1999).
Therewereotherincidentsthatcontributedtothedeteriorationof
theatmosphereofUS–Chinarelationsand,asaconsequence,causedan
increaseofanti-AmericanismamongtheChinesepeople.
TheabovementionedeventsunsealedChina’sbittermemoriesof
the19thcenturyWesternimperialism,whenthelforeigndevils’were
oppressingandhumiliatingChina,runningroughshodoveraonce-proud
people.Echoesofthepasthumiliationswereclearlyevidentinthestream
ofpopularanti-Americaneditions,publishedinthelate1990s,withtitles
suchasHEvilPlansofAmerica”,HChinacannotbeintimidated”and
others.Thoseandotherpublicationsusedthe19thcenturytermlguochi’
lnationalhumiliation’thatexpressedafairChineseresentmentagainst
mockingimperialistpowers.Bytheendofthe1990s,themajorityof
ChinesecitizensregardedAmericaastheirprimaryenemy(Baum2002).
Ontheotherhand,thetragiceventsofSeptember11,2001,haveled
toatemporaryweakeningoftheanti-AmericancomponentintheChinese
publicopinion.However,soonacriticalattitudetowardtheUnitedStates
begantogrowagainintheChinesesociety,asaresultofstepstakenby
theUSintheinternationalarena(Iraqwar,forexample)(MansfieldAsian
OpinionPollDatabase2006;LowyInstituteChinaPoll2009;PewGlobal
AttitudesProject2007;2016a;2016b).
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ChineseNationalismin2000–2010
Inthe2000s,therewasanewsurgeofChinesenationalism.This
surgewaslargelycausedbythechangingrolethatChinaplayedinworld
politicsandeconomy.
ThesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofChinaacceleratedinthe
conditionsofthe2000swasnotevenhamperedbytheglobalfinancialand
economiccrisisthatbeganin2008.Thatfactcontributedtoawidespread
convictionintheinevitabletransformationofChinaintothelargestworld
powerinthenearfuture.Inthisregard,M.Leonard,authorofWhatDoesChina
Think?saidthatatpresentHinalmosteveryglobaleventthereistheimpact
oftheChinesefactor.”Andfurther:HChina’spositionaffectsthedynamicsof
anumberofissues[ł].Chinahasceasedtobejustabigcountry,abusiness
partner,orthesubjectofdiplomaticrelations.Chinahasstartedtheprocessof
becomingarealfactorofworldpolitics[ł]”(Leonard2008).