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JolantaDaszyńska
Nowadaysthepresidentialfour-yeartermbeginsonJanuary20th(itwas
changedfromMarchbythe20thAmendment,ratifiedin1933).Tepresi-
dentbeginshisofcialdutieswithaninaugurationceremony.Traditionally
ittakesplaceonthestepsoftheU.S.Capitol,whereCongressmeets.Butthis
kindofceremonyinWashingtonD.C.beganin1801.Tersttwopresiden-
tialinaugurations,ofGeorgeWashington,tookplaceinNewYork,andthe
thirdinauguration,ofJohnAdams,inPhiladelphia,thoughthenewFederal
Cityhadalreadystartedtobebuilt.Tepresidentpubliclytakesanoathof
ofce,whichistraditionallyadministeredbytheChiefJusticeoftheUnited
States.SuchacustombeganwiththeelectionofTomasJeńerson.Previ-
ously,theformerpresidenthadinauguratedthenewone.ButwhenJeńerson
beatAdamsinthebattleforpresidency,AdamsleftownandChiefJustice
JohnMarshallwasthemasterofceremonies.
Weknowabouttherstpresidentialelectionsfrommemoirs,diaries,
newspapersandpaintings.For18th-centuryAmericans,bothpoliticiansand
thegeneralpublic,itposedagreatchallenge,somethingunknownandnew
intheirhistory.Terehadbeennopresidentpriortotheadoptionofthe
federalConstitution,sincetherehadbeennoneedforone.TeConstitution
establishedthepresidencyand,accordingtoitswording,thepresidenthadto
beelected.Americanswereobligatedtoelectapresident,knowingthatthey
werecreatinganewchapteroftheirhistory.
TerstpresidentialelectioninU.S.historytookplacefollowingtherati-
cationoftheConstitutionin1788.Terewasonlyonecandidate:George
Washington.
ArticleII,Section1,providedthatthestatelegislaturesshoulddecidethe
mannerinwhichtheirElectorswerechosen.Nonetheless,theelectionof
GeorgeWashingtonastherstpresidentoftheUSAwasanextraordinary
one.Why?BecauseofGeorgeWashingtonhimselfandthefameofhisname.
First,therewasnopresidentialcampaign.Secondly,nooneequaledWash-
ingtoninpopularesteem,andnopolitician,whateverhethoughtoftheCon-
stitution,wouldopposehimpersonally.Washingtonmighthaveknownthat
hewouldbeelected,anditiscertainthathewaswillingtoservehiscoun-
try-men.Hewasdescribedasamanofgoodcharacterandcompetence.His
reputationroseduringtheWarofIndependenceandtheConstitutionalCon-
vention.Duringdebateshewasanxiousforthereputationoftheprincipleof
self-government,whichhebelievedwaslinkedtothefateoftheAmerican
government.HispresenceduringtheConstitutionalConventionwasalmost
aguaranteeofitssuccess.Hewasasilent,big,square-shoulderedgentleman
withuafacemoldedinchilldignity”(Padover1953:10).Hewasamodelof
honesty,persistence,andcourage.