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Apedagogicalhistoryofeducation:Ethicalandaestheticaspectsł
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outstandingFrenchhistorian,MarcBloch:HButeverybranchofknowledge
possessesitsown,uniqueaestheticsoflanguage.Humanmatersare,by
nature,verydelicatephenomena,whosemajoritycannotberenderedby
mathematicalformulae.Toexpressthemproperly,and,asaresult,penetrate
deep[ł],agreatfinesseoflanguageisrequired,withthepropershadeof
toneandwords”(Bloch,1960,p.51).
Theantipositivistturnbetweenthe19thand20thcentury(Dilthey,
Windleband,Rickert,Weber,Simmel,andothers)hasshownthatthesci-
entificparadigmturnsoutatentionawayfromthespecificityofhuman
realitythespirituallife(Geist).Thelaterlinguisticturnandethical
turnhavedeepenedtheawarenessofthemulti-dimensionalityofculture,
whichyieldstothemethodicalscientificreductiononlyatthepriceofthe
lossofunderstanding.ItwasHans-GeorgGadamerinTruthandMethod,
oneofthemostfamousphilosophicalbooksofthe20thcentury,who
explainedthattruthinitsrichnessandfullnesscannotbeframedbythe
schemataofmodernscience.Philosophyandartconstituteawarningfor
thescientificconsciousnesstoacknowledgeitslimits.Themagnitudeofthe
greattextsPlato,Aristotle,Leibniz,Kant,Hegel,etc.andthetruthof
aworkofartcannotbefullyrecognizedorexhaustedbyscientificanalysis.
Theacademiccharacterofthehumanitiesresidesratherintheconceptof
educatingasanideaofpreservingheritage(alsointhecategoriesoffeeling,
authority,commonsense,taste)ratherthaninmethodology(Gadamer,2004,
pp.19—79).Historypracticedinthespiritofsciencehasprovedtobean
overlyHbulky,”clumsytoolfordecipheringthemulti-layeredhumanfates
andtheintertwined,impenetrabletiesofthepastandthepresent.Itserved
morethepurposeofsecuringtheneedforcertainty(ofindividualfacts)and
thuspoliticalcontrol,ratherthananacademicresponseforDasein’swayof
beingasunderstanding.
HaydenWhitewasoneoftheacademicswhofundamentallycontributed
tothedestructionoftheauthorityoftheHscientific”approachtohistory.
EwaDomańskawritesofhim:H[ł]aresearcherwhounderminedhistory’s
pretencestothestatusofascientificdisciplineandIruined’theprestigeof
historicalsources[ł]”(Domańska,ascitedinWhite,1974,p.7);andofhis
bookMetahistory:HItwasanexpressionofrebellionagainstthepositivist
viewonhistory,anditspurposewastodestroythemythofscientifichis-
tory”(Domańska,ascitedinWhite,1974,p.12).AccordingtotheAmerican
thinker,historyisanartofinterpretation,notanexplanatoryscience.Inhis
conception,insteadofmodelswehavetropes,insteadofexplanationinter-
pretation,insteadoflogicalrulesarhetoricalplay.Whenahistorianconducts
acritiqueofsources,heorshedoesnotconfrontthedatafoundthereinwith
reality(towhichheorshehasnoaccess)butwithhisknowledgeandother
sourcesonecannotcomparetherepresentationwiththeoriginal,butonly