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1.Academicdiscourseanditsrhetoric
lookatthedifferencesintheorganisationandrhetoricofacademictexts,how
muchcultureisinfactthere,andwhatshouldperhapsbeattributedtooth-
erfactors,suchasgenre,discipline,orpersonalexperienceandpreferenc-
esoftheauthor?Hyland(2005),forexample,drawsattentiontothefactthat
asignificantnumberoftheobserveddifferencesandproblemsencountered
byL2writerscanberelateddirectlytotheleveloftheirL2,andthatcultur-
alpreferenceisjustoneofthemanyfactorsthatinfluencetheirchoices.Also
Uysal(2008)inherstudyintotherhetoricalpatternsofTurkishwritersdem-
onstratesthat,apartfromculturalbackground,thereareotherimportantin-
fluencesatworkinL2writingcontext,suchaseducationalbackgroundand
sustainedwritingexperience.
ThefocusofthenextsectionisonspecificlinguisticfeaturesofEnglish
academicdiscoursefeatureswhichoftenposeproblemsforwritersinEng-
lishasanadditionallanguage,whoseculturalassumptionsaboutwhatcon-
stitutesgoodacademicprosemaybedifferentfromthosesharedbyAnglo-
phoneacademics.
1.3Englishacademicdiscourse:Previousstudies
1.3.1Academicregister(s)
Definedaslinguisticpropertieswhichareassociatedwithrecurrentcom-
municativesituationsidentifiedwithregardtotheparticipants,thesubject
matter,thesettingandthechannel,registerhighlightstherelationshipbetween
thecontextoflanguageuseandthelinguisticformsexpectedandhabitual-
lychosenbytheinteractants(HallidayandHasan,1976;Lemke,1985;Hatim
andMason,1990;Leckie-Tarry,1995;BiberandConrad,2009).Asause-re-
latedlanguagevariety,itreflectstheuser)sawarenessofwhatlanguageforms
aretypical,expectedorappropriateinparticularcircumstancesratherthan
theethnic,geographicalorsocialidentityofthecommunicator.Aptuseof
registerthenreflectsthespeaker)sorwriter)scommunicativecompetencein
aparticularfieldofdiscourseandisanelementofevaluationofaproficient
discourseparticipant.
Theinternalvariationofacademicdiscourseandacademicdiscourse
communityisreflectedinthewiderangeofacademicregisters,whichvary
dependingonthechannel(spokenorwritten),thegenre(researcharticleor