Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
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1.Academicdiscourseanditsrhetoric
lemsforbothlessexperiencedmembersofacademicdiscoursecommuni-
tyandthosewhomustadditionallyovercomespecificdifficultiesconnected
withcommunicatinginaforeignlanguage.Membersofthislastgroupmust
thencopewithaforeignlanguagesystem,withrhetoricalconventionswhich,
aswehaveseeninSection1.2,maybedifferentfromthosetheyknowfrom
theirmothertongue,andwiththeinternalcomplexityoftheEnglishsystem
ofacademicregisters,whichintheircaseisanotherubarriertoasuccessful
proliferationofscholarlyideas”(Duszak1994:291).Thenextsectionoffers
abriefsurveyofliteratureonselectedacademicgenres,fromtheresearchar-
ticle,oftenregardedasthemostprestigiousprofessionalacademictexttype,
throughthearticleabstract,bookreview,andPhDdissertation,tosomespo-
ken,occludedandpedagogicalgenres.
1.3.2Academicgenres
SinceBakhtin(1983[1979]),whobegantoseegenresasmodesofcom-
municationrecognisedanddefinedbyparticularcommunitiesandwhichor-
ganiselinguisticbehaviourofthesecommunitiesinmuchthesamewayasthe
rulesofgrammar,linguisticshasseenaconsiderablegrowthofinterestinthis
concept.Halliday(1978)speaksofgenresassociallyrecognisedandsignificant
functionsoftext.Workinginthesamesystemic-functionaltradition,Martin
(1985,1992)definesgenresasgoal-orientedsocialprocesseswithadistinctive
schematicstructureandrepresentingverbalstrategiesconventionallyapplied
bymembersofacommunitytoachieveaparticularsocialgoal.Theseverbal
strategiesare,asMiller(1984:159)argues,utypifiedrhetoricalactionsbasedin
recurrentsituations.”Someofthem—basedinresearchcontexts—areviewed
byotherscholarsassociatedwiththenewrhetoricmovementasbroadrhetori-
calstrategiesuenactedwithinacommunityinordertoregularizewriterlreader
transactionsinwaysthatallowforthecreationofparticularknowledge”(Paré
andSmart,1994).Inthiswaygenresbegantobeseenasprepatternedsolu-
tionsbydefaultappliedbymembersofaparticularcultureorgroupingtore-
curringcommunicativeproblems—solutionsconstrainedbyaspecificcom-
municativesituationandthesetofcontextualfactorsthatgowithit,stamped
withdistinctivelinguisticfeaturesandinternalstructure,andmarkedbyacer-
taindegreeofinterpersonality(GünthnerandKnoblauch,1995).Unaware-
nessofsuchroutinisedresponsestocommunicativeneedsandignoranceof
theirconstraintsandcharacteristicsdisadvantageacommunicator,who,on
theonehand,isforcedtodealwithacommunicativetaskasifitwereunique
