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Introduction
Whenpeoplesaythattheyknowsomething,theyhavetheirreasonstofeel
certainthatsomethingisthecase.Scientificknowledgerequiresthattheserea-
sonsbeofaspecifickind,thattheybebackedbydatacollectedinthecourse
ofobservationandsystematicexperimentation.Moreover,asthedevelop-
mentsbroughtbysocialconstructionismhaveshown,thestatusofthesedata
astheempiricalbasisofknowledgeissanctionedbytheparticularsocialcon-
textwhereknowledgeisgenerated,asisthevalueofobservationandexperi-
mentaslegitimatescientificprocedures(BergerandLuckmann,1967).Inthis
perspective,knowledgeisrelativetothecommunitieswhichproduceitand
emergesinacomplexprocessofnegotiatingasharedvisionoftheworldand
asharedunderstandingofwhatconstitutesanappropriateobjectofscientific
inquiry,avalidscientificmethod,andameaningfulacademiccontribution.
Thus,ratherthanafaithfulrepresentationofanobjectivelygivenreality,sci-
entificknowledgecanbeviewedasaproductofsociety,createdaccordingto
theprinciplesaparticularcommunityjudgesappropriateandaimingtoex-
plainthisrealitywhichisavailabletoandagreeduponbythisparticulargroup.
Itisthentoalargeextentamatterofsocialconsensus.
Theconsensualnatureofscientificknowledgeandthefactthatitisgener-
atedininteractionbetweencommunitymembersimpliesthatsignalsofepis-
temicstanceinacademicdiscoursewillreflectnotonlythedegreeoftheau-
thor)spersonalcommitmenttothetruthofaproposition,butalsotheauthor)s
awarenessofothermembersofthediscoursecommunity,ofthestateofthe
artinthediscipline,andoftheestablishedpatternsofinteractionwithoth-
ers.Forexample,anexpressionofcertaintymayconveyinformationaboutthe
author)scommitmentderivingfromtheamount,distribution,andconsisten-
cyofthedatagathered,thusbeingadirectclaimtoexpertise;itmayindicate
thattheinformationpresentedhasalreadybeenacceptedbythediscourse