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gencetestsrevealthatalargepartofvarianceremainsunexplained.Thisunexplained
partcanbeattributedtomotivation,attitudesorpersonalityfactors.Wechslerascribed
asignificantroletofactorsbeyondtheintellectualdomain;theabilitiestoperceiveand
evaluatesocial,moralandaestheticalvalues.In1939hisbookThemeasurementofadult
intelligenceappeared.Sincethen,theWechslerIntelligenceScalehasbecomethemost
widelyusedtooltomeasureintelligence,whichrevolutionisedtheconceptofmeasuring
cognitiveabilities(cf.Hornowska,2004).Histhreeassumptions:(1)intelligenceis
acomplexfactorconsistingofdifferentabilities;(2)introductionofdeviantintelligence
quotient;and(3)differentiationbetweenverbalandperformancescales,constitutevalid
groundsforcontemporaryintelligencemeasurement.
Thescaleconsistsofeleventestsandisdividedintoaverbalscaleandaperformance
scale.Therefore,twointelligencequotients(IQ)areobtained,namelyverbalandper-
formance,aswellasfullscaleIQ.Intheinterpretationoftheresultsmuchimportanceis
attachedtodisproportionsbetweenparticulartestsresultsinparticularscales,which
enablesaresearchertoconductadeep,clinicaldiagnosisofintellect(Wechsler,1997).
Apartfromthetraditionaltwo-factorsolution,three-factor,four-factorandsix-factor
solutionshaveappeared.Themostup-to-datesix-factorsolutionincludesthefollowing
factors:VerbalComprehension,PerceptualOrganisation,WorkingMemory,Processing
Speed,AuditoryMemoryandVisualMemory(Tulsky,Ivnik,Price,&Wilkins,2003).In
thePolishversionoftheWechslerScale,adaptedbyProfessorJerzyBrzezińskiandhis
co-workersin1996,athree-factorsolutionwasapplied.Thefactorsinclude:Verbal
Comprehension,PerceptualOrganisationandMemoryandResistancetoDistraction
(Brzeziński,Gaul,Hornowska,Machowski,&Zakrzewska,1996).
Wechsler’smeasureofintelligenceisbasedondeviantIQ.Everypersonrepresents
acertainintensity(value)ofafeature,inthiscase,intelligence.Thescoringisbasedon
aprojectionofthesubject’smeasuredrankontheGaussianbellcurvewithacentre
value(averageIQ)of100andastandarddeviationof15.Inanormaldistribution,the
IQrankofonestandarddeviationaboveandbelowthemean(i.e.between85and115)
iswhereapproximately68%ofalladultswouldfall.InordertoknowthedeviantIQof
anindividualwehavetodeterminehis/herstandarddeviationabove/belowthemean.
ThismethodenablesustoconcludethatapersonwhoseIQresultis,forexample,130is
placedtwostandarddeviationsabovethemean.Thatmeansthathis/herresultisbetter
thanresultsof97.7%ofapopulation.ApersonwiththeIQresultof145,thatisthree
standarddeviationsabovethemean,isbetterthan99.9%ofapopulationwithrespectto
theirintelligencequotient.Theresultsbelowthemeanarecalculatedanalogically.In
addition,theresultsarealwaysinterpretedaccordingtoagenorms.Becauseeachtestin
thebatteryincludesadifferentnumberoftasksandadifferentnumberofpointscanbe
obtained,alltheresultsareexpressedonthesamescale.Ascale,calledscaledscores,of
19pointswithacentrevalueof10andastandarddeviationof3wasestablished.Thanks
tothissolutionintra-individualcomparisonsarepossible(Hornowska,2004).
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