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averageordertypicalforbothchildrenandadultssecondlearnersofEnglish,
arepresentedbelow:
Figure1030HAverage”orderofacquisitionofgrammaticalmorphemesforEnglishas
asecondlanguage(childrenandadults).AdaptedfromKrashen(1982,p.13)
AUXILIARY(progressive,asin“heisgoing”)
COPULA(“tobe”)
ING(progressive)
ARTICLE(a,an,the)
IRREGULARPAST
REGULARPAST
IIISINGULARs
POSSESSIVEs
PLURAL
1.1TheNatureofL2Communication
Thedevelopmentofthesecondlanguagecompetenceusuallyfollowsafive-
stagepattern:thesilentperiod(alsoknownaspre-production),earlyproduction,
speechemergence,intermediatefluency,andadvancedfluency.Thefirststage
aimsatestablishingstudents’comprehensionandpreparingthemforfuture
languageproduction.Itslengthvariesbetween0and6monthsanddependson
astudent’sindividualcharacteristics.AccordingtoKrashenandTerrell(1983,
p.78),duringthisstageitisoftheutmostimportancefortheteachertocon-
centrateontheprovisionofcomprehensibleinputtothestudents,focusingon
themessageandloweringstudents’afectivefilter.Aproblemthatmayconcern
adultsisthattheyareoftendeprivedofthepossibilityofdevelopingHjust”their
comprehension,andtheteacherforcesthemtoproducethelanguagewhile
ignoringthefactthattheyarenotreadyyettodoit.This,asNewmark(1966,in
Krashen,1982)stated,isdoomedtoendupwithinterlingualtransferbecause
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