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thecontenttheycontain.Thisisalsolinkedwithseparatingthe
lawfrommoralitysinceorgansareincompetentofmakingsuch
assessments.Inefiect,onlythatwhichstemsfromadoptedleg-
islationiscorrect.Theseconcepts,whichwereespeciallypopular
inthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,havenot
stoodthetestoftime.Aboveall,theirrejectiononnormative
groundsledtotheexperienceoftotalitarianandauthoritarian
statesthat,actingbasedonregulations,violatedthefundamen-
talrightsoftheindividual.Thisprovokedconsiderablecriticism
ofthepositivistapproach,whichisexpressedinRadbruch’sFor-
mula(statutorylawlessness)(Alexy,2008,p.282).
Contemporaryconceptsoftheruleoflaw,althoughtheyare
usuallyassociatedwiththenaturallawapproach,arenotuni-
form.Thisisparticularlyapparentinthedissonancebetween
theAnglo-SaxonandtheGermanapproaches,or,morebroadly,
theContinentalapproach.Aboveall,thisisassociatedwithdif-
ferentapproachestothelaw.IntheAnglo-Saxontradition,the
legalsystemispolycentric,inwhicheveryonehastheirownhier-
archyofnorms,whileontheContinentthemonocentricsystem
dominatesandisstrictlytiedtotheuniform,hierarchicalstruc-
tureofthelegalsystem,whichdeterminesthenecessityoflocat-
ingnormswithinthatsystem(Rosenfeld,2001,pp.1327-1328,
1336).Thereasonsforthecreationofthisconceptarealsodif-
ferent.InBritishconstitutionalismtheruleoflawgrewtosome
degreeoutofoppositiontothestate.Thisideaissupposedto
protecttheindividualagainsttheactionsoftheauthorities.In
Germany,however,theruleoflawisstrictlyassociatedwiththe
rolethestateshouldplay.Thisstateissupposedtoguarantee
thepossibilityofexecutingitsfunctionspreciselywiththeassis-
tanceofthelaw(Rosenfeld,2001,pp.1319,1334).
2.Theconceptofthedemocraticstateismucholderthanthat
oftheruleoflaw.Itdatestoancienttimes,althougheminent
philosophersoftheperioddidnotconsiderittobeanidealsys-
temandpointedoutthenumerousdefectsofdemocracy.One
canmentionheretheviewsofPlatoandAristotle,whoeven
describedemocracyasdegenerate.Themodernunderstanding
CHAPTER1.DEMOCRATICRULEOFLAW
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