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1.
TheBasicsof(English)Glottodidactics
1.Proceduralvs.declaratveknowledge
a)Knowledgecanbeclassifiedintoaprioriknowledge,whichisobtained
withoutneedingtoobservetheworld,andaposterioriorempiricalknowl-
edge,whichisonlyobtainedaferobservingtheworldorinteractngwith
itinsomeway;
–Knowledgeisofengainedbycombiningorextendingotherknowledge
invariousways.IsaacNewtonfamouslywrote:"IfIhaveseenfurther
thanothers,itisbystandingontheshouldersofgiants",
–Inferentalknowledgeisbasedonreasoningfromfactsorfromother
inferentalknowledgesuchasatheory.Suchknowledgemayormay
notbeverifiablebyobservatonortestng.Forexample,allknowledge
oftheatomisinferentalknowledge.Thedistnctonbetweenfactual
knowledgeandinferentalknowledgehasbeenexploredbythedisci-
plineofgeneralsemantcs;
b)Proceduralknowledge,alsoknownasimperatveknowledge,istheknowl-
edgeexercisedintheperformanceofsometask.Proceduralknowledge
orimplicitknowledgeisdińerentfromotherkindsofknowledge,such
asdeclaratveknowledge,inthatitcanbedirectlyappliedtoatask.For
instance,theproceduralknowledgeoneusestosolveproblemsdińers
fromthedeclaratveknowledgeonepossessesaboutproblemsolvingbe-
causethisknowledgeisformedbydoing;ittendstobelessgeneralthan
declaratveknowledge;
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