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AspectsofDemocracy
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Inextremeform,itrecognisestherightofownpeopletoconquerandruleother
nations,tonationalizethemanddestroytheirculture.
Inpractice,nationalismtakesvariousformsinspaceandtime.Perhapsthere
areasmanydifferenttypesofnationalismastherearecountriesandcultures.The
kindofnationalismwearedealingwithdependstoalargeextentonthehistorical
conditionsinwhichthenation-formingprocesstookplaceandthefactorsthat
hadadominantinfluenceontheformationofthenation.6
Nationalismscanbedescribedaccordingtovariouscharacteristicsandtypes
suchasEasternandWestern,particularisticanduniversalistic,illiberalandliberal,
reactionaryandprogressive,aggressiveanddefensive.
Breakdownsmultiplyconceptualentities,whilethedifferencesbetweenureally
existingnationalisms”arenotassharpandclearasisoftenclaimed.Seemingly
diverseformsofnationalismmayinsomerespects-asWangShaoguang(2003)
writes–uresembleeachother,buttheydifferfromeachother.Inasense,allforms
ofnationalismareuunstableamalgams”(Spencer,Wollman1998:270)thatcom-
binewanderingelementsandareconstantlychanging(p.6).
Theabove-mentionedauthor,searchingforthepropertiesunderlyingthevar-
iousformsofnationalism,assumedthatcontemporarynationalismisbasedon
fourpillars(Table1.1).Themaincomponentsofnationalismare:
(1)Anationalpopulationunderstoodascommunity,existinginthreevaria-
tions:Ethnic,Culturalandpolitical-legalcommunity,andSovereignstate;
(2)People’spsychologicalattachment:anationalpopulationbasedonasense
ofbelonging,suchemotionislinkedtolongingforself-esteem,sympathywith
nationalin-group,affectionforhomeland,andzealforitsdefence.Itmaytakethe
formofhumiliation,anxiety,andpride;
(3)People’sloyaltytothenationalcommunity:loyaltyrangonacontinuum
betweensupremacyofnationbalancedtouniversalism.Fromtreatingnationasan
absoluteprioritytodirectone’sprimaryobligationstoallhumanbeings;
(4)Thepeople’sattitudetowardout-groups.Nomatterhowbenignnationalism
isinform,itmustdelineatewheretheboundariesofthenationbeginsandends.
Nationsmayassumeoneofthefollowingthreestancestowardothers:xenophobia,
arrogance,confidence.
6
Thiscriterionallowstodistinguishbetweenthepoliticalandcivilnationalism,ifagiven
nationdevelopedasaresultofconsolidationofvarioussocialgroupsandgeographical
territoriesduetocentralisationofstateauthority0Ifintheprocessotherfactorswere
moreimportant,e0g0culture,communityoforigin,language,wespeakaboutculturalor
ethnicnationalism0AnothercriterionoftheclassificationofnationalismisattitudeUto
others”0Therearenationalismsallowingassimilationofpeoplefromoutsidethenational
community,livingwithinthebordersofthesamenationalstateandnationalismsseeking
theirrejection0