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MagdalenaGóra,KatarzynaZielińska
EuropeanisationorEU-isation?
Oneofthefirstaspectsofthediscussionontheterm"Europeanisation”dealswithits
relationshipwithEuropeanintegration.Itcanontheonehandbeusedinabroader
senseofdiffusionofculturalproductsdevelopedinWesternEurope(Featherstone
2003).Itisdoneeitherintheformofitspoliticaldominanceovertheworldinaform
ofimperialismandcolonialdominationorviatransnationalisationofdiffusionof
productsbetweennation-statesonthecontinent.Thesecondgroupofusagesofthe
termEuropeanisationreferstothepoliticalprocessesstemmingfromtheEuropean
integrationandfunctioningwithinsupranationalpolity(Featherstone2003).Trine
Flockhartmakesthisdistinctionprecisewhenshenotesthat:
EU-isationisasmall,butimportantpartofmuchbroaderandlongertermprocessofEu-
ropeanisation,whichispredominantlyconcernedwith"culturalencounters”(...).Theide-
ationalcontentof"culturalencounters”includesallnormsandbehaviouralpracticesthat
makeuptheidentityofthecommunityinquestion.InthecaseofEuropeanisationeve-
rythingthatis,orhasbeen,widelyregardedas"European”inaformerpresent(2010:791).
InthecontextoftheCEEregionbothunderstandingsneedtobetakenintoac-
count.Thelong-termphenomenonofWesternnormdiffusionaswellasthemore
recentmassiveandconstructiveimpactofEU-isationformcrucialreferencepoints
forunderstandingsocialandpoliticalalterations.Inthepresentedvolumewedecided
tofocusmoreontheEU-orientedaspectsofstudiesonEuropeanisation.Therefore
inthefollowingsectionswewillreviewthedevelopmentsoftheconceptinthearea
ofEUstudies.
JohanP.Olsen(2002)offersausefultypologyofthetermEuropeanisationun-
derstoodinanarrowersenseofthechangesinducedbytheEuropeanintegration.He
distinguishedfivegroupsofresearchonwhathecalls"differentphenomenacalled
‘Europeanisation’;thatis,whatischanging”(Olsen2002:922).Thefirstgrouprefers
totheexpandingbordersoftheEUsupranationalpolityintheformofenlargements.
ThesecondisconnectedwiththedevelopinginstitutionsattheEuropeanleveland
givingthem–withinaconstitutionalisationoftheEU–competencestodirectlyin-
fluencethedomesticlevelandcontrolcompliancewiththeEUlaw.Thethirdgroup
dealswiththe"centralpenetrationofnationalsystemsofgovernance”(Olsen2002:
923)andreferstotheprocessofcreatingaspecificsystemofmultilevelgovernance.
Inthissense"Europeanisation,then,impliesadaptingnationalandsub-nationalsys-
temsofgovernancetoaEuropeanpoliticalcentreandEuropean-widenorms”(Olsen
2002:924).Thefourthmeaningofthetermisconnectedwiththeexportofforms
ofgovernancecreatedinEuropebeyondthecontinent."Europeanisationsignifies
amorepositiveexport/importbalanceasnon-Europeancountriesimportmorefrom
EuropethanviceversaandEuropeansolutionsexertmoreinfluenceininternational
fora”(Olsen2002:924).ThishappensviavarioustoolsofEuropeanforeignpolicy
andequippingtheinstrumentssuchasassociationagreementswiththecomponentof
democratisationandpromotionofEUnorms.Finally,Olsen’sfifthgroupdescribes
suchanunderstandingofEuropeanisationaspoliticalunificationprocess.Thisis