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Summary
IneachofthedevelopedEuropeancivilization,promotingphysicalculture
wasassociatedwiththeconstructionofsportsfacilitiesanddevices.Sincethe
earliestofthesecommunitiesfitnessandcompetitivesporthavebeenasimportant
asreligionandscience;sportsfacilities,educationalandreligiousweretogether
formallyandfunctionallyinterleaved(inHellenicculture,forexample,Olympia
andDelphisanctuaries-beautifullyintegratedintothesurroundinglandscape).
AccordingtothePlatonicprincipleexemplifiedinurbanplanningcreatedbyHip-
podamosofMiletus,structuresfordailyphysicaleducationwereembeddedinthe
fabricofancientGreekcities,andfacilitiesforsportscompetitions-werelocal-
izedontheoutskirts,outsidethedensebuildingsdowntown.SincetheRomans
valuedcrowdedspectacle-nexttothestadiumsappearednewstructures-oval
amphitheatres4squeezed’intoatighturbandevelopment(anexampleistheRo-
manColisseum).Excellentknowledgeofdesignandengineeringconstruction,the
useofconcrete-allowedtheRomanstotheconstructionofmultimonumental
buildings.TheachievementsofRomanarchitecturehasbecomeavaluablere-
sourcefortheexplorationoffunctionalsolutions:ergonomicsaudience,commu-
nicationlinkswithinthebuilding.TheprogramoftheRomantermisnowadays
copiedintheformofthemultifunctionalwaterparks(aquaparks).
AfterthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpire,intheMiddleAges(5c.-15c.),
constructionofsportfacilitiesandsportsbuildingsstopped.Exceptionswere
primitiveandtemporarywoodenstructures,erectedfortheorganizationknight
tournaments(standsandcompetescreenonthebattlefield).Exercisesofsportsas
archery,crossbow-tookplaceinthesuburbanmeadows(prato,courts,błonia),
andthegameball-onthecitysquares,competitionsinswimmingorrowing-on
lakesandrivers,andiceskating-onfrozennaturalwaters.Itwasnotuntil16c-18
c,whenwerespeciallyerectedridingschools,gymshallsforexercisefencing
orballgames(sallesjeudepaume,realtennishalls).Butthesebuildings(with
thefewexceptionsasRidingHallinKsiążorManezhinMoscow)wereneither
architecturallyoutstanding,norrelevantforcommonuse-wereintendedonlyfor
thearistocracy,elitegroup.Intime,withthedevelopmentofurbanizationandtoo
densebuildingsinthecitycenters,whatleadtolackofspaceforoutdoorgames,it
