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Indicator
Integrated
sustainability
indicators
MilionBritish
ThermalUnit
Primaryenergy
forms
Renewable
energy
SMEs
Sustainability
assessment
Anindicatorisavariabletodescribeastateofmeasurableobjects,normally
usedasacomparingindicatorformeasuringprojectoutcomes.Indicatorsfor
energyprojectscanbeexpressedinmanydifferentforms(e.g.,qualitativeor
quantitative,generalorspecific,andabsoluteorrelative),inaccordancewith
samedecisionrulesandapplicationsofanindicator.Quantitativeindicatorsare
measuredintermsofmass,volumeornumberofenvironmentalpollutantsor
physicalmaterials.Notallindicatorswillbequantitative,andsomewillhave
tobeexpressedqualitativelyintermsofthesustainabilityobjectivesbecause
theycannotbedefinedinphysicalterms(AzapagicandPerdan,2000).An
acknowledgedclassificationofindicatorsdesignedforprojectsareprocess
indicators(tomeasureprojectprocessesoractivitiese.g.totaldelivered
industrialenergydemand(electricity,otherfuels),outcomeindicators(to
measureprojectoutcomes)andimpactindicators(tomeasureprojectimpact.
Allindustrialplantscanefficientlyutilizeenergyindicatorsusingappropriate
techniquesandmanagementmethods.Theuseofappropriateindicatorsisthe
basicprocedurepracticedinordertoconducteffectivecontrolperformance
projectsorprocesses.
Integratedindicatorsaresystematicindicatorsthatarebuiltfromtheconcepts
ofsustainabledevelopmentaswellassupportingtheotherindicators,compre-
hensivelyincorporatedwithenvironmental,economic,andsocialissuesofthe
sustainability.
MBTUisusedasastandardunitofmeasurementfornaturalgasandprovides
aconvenientbasisforcomparingtheenergycontentofvariousgradesofnatural
gasandotherfuels.MBTUisoccasionallyexpressedasMMBTU,whichis
intendedtorepresentathousandthousandBTUs.
Itiscalledasanenergysourcefoundinnaturethathasnotbeensubjectedtoany
conversionortransformationprocess(e.g.fossilfuels).Primaryenergysources
aredividedintorenewableandnon-renewableenergy(WangandWand,2015).
Renewableenergydefinedasthe“energyobtainedfromthecontinuousorre-
petitivecurrentsofenergyrecurringinthenaturalenvironment”,encompasses
awidevarietyofenergysourcesincludingsolar,wind,biomass,geothermal,
hydropower,oceanenergy,biofuelsandhydrogen(Brundrett,2011).Renew-
ableenergysuppliesreducetheemissionofgreenhousegasessignificantlyif
replacedwithfossilfuels.
Non-subsidiary,independentcompaniesthatemployless250employees,
suchasintheEuropeanUnion.TheUnitedStatesconsiderSMEstoinclude
companieswithfewerthan500employees.Annualsales,revenue,assets,
capitalorinvestmentmayalsobeusedtodifferentiatebetweenSMEsandlarge
organizations.
“Atoolthatcanhelpdecision-makersandpolicy-makersdecidewhatactions
theyshouldtakeandshouldnottakeinanattempttomakesocietymore
sustainable’’(Devuyst,2001).Underit,sustainabilityassessmentisactually
consideredasanassessmentofindicatorsbywhichprocessescanbetracked
andtheirprogresstowardssustainability.
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