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Reading
Readthetext,answerthequestionsthatfollowandlabelthediagram
withthetermsinitalics(choosethesingularorpluralform
asappropriate).
TeLungs
Telungsareapairoflargespongyorganslyinginthethoraxoneithersideofthe
heartandgreatvessels.Teyextendfromtherootofthenecktothediaphragmand
areroughlyconical,withtheapexaboveandthebasebelow.Telungsaresurrounded
bytheribsandtheintercostalmuscles.Tethoracicvertebraearesituatedbehindthe
lungs.Temediastinum,whichisbetweenthelungs,completelyseparatesoneside
ofthethoraciccavityfromtheotherasitextendsfromthevertebralcolumnatthe
backtothesternuminfront.Temediastinumcontainstheheartandgreatvessels,
thetracheaandtheoesophagus,thethoracicductandthethymusgland.
Telungsaredividedintolobes.Teleftlunghastwolobes,theupper(superior)
lobeandthelower(inferior)lobe,separatedbytheobliquefissure.Terightlung
hasthreelobes,upper,middleandlower.Teupperandmiddlelobesareseparated
byahorizontalfissureandthelowerlobeisseparatedbyanobliquefissure.Each
lobeisfurtherdividedintobronchopulmonarysegments,separatedfromeachother
byseptaofconnectivetissueandeachhavinganarteryandavein.Eachsegmentis
dividedintosmallerunits(lobules).
Tebronchiandtheirbranchingstructuresareknownasthebronchialtree.Te
twomainbronchibeginatthebifurcationofthetracheaandoneleadsintoeach
lung.Teleftmainbronchusisnarrower,longerandmorehorizontalthantheright
bronchus.Tebronchidivideintobranches,oneforeachlobe.Eachofthesedivides
intosmallerbranches,oneforeachbronchopulmonarysegment,andbranchesagain
intosmallerbronchiwithinthelung.Tefinestbronchiarecalledbronchiolesor
bronchioli.Teterminalbronchiolesbranchrepeatedlytoformminutepassages
calledalveolarducts,fromwhichalveolarsacsandalveoliopen.Tealveoliare
surroundedbyanetworkofcapillaries.
Tepleuraisaserousmembrane,whichsurroundseachlungandhastwolayers,
sotherearetwopleurae.Tevisceralpleuracoversthesurfacesofthelungs.Atthe
rootofthelungsitisreflectedbackandbecomesparietalpleura,whichlinesthechest
wallandcoversthesuperiorsurfaceofthediaphragm.Tetwolayersofthepleura
arenormallyinclosecontactwitheachother,separatedbyafilmofseroussecretion
thatenablesthemtoglideoveroneanotherwithoutfriction,whichfacilitatesthe
movementofthelungsinthechest.Tepotentialspacebetweenthelayersiscalled
thepleuralcavity.
1.Whatisthepositionofthelungsinrelationtotheheart?
2.Whatadjectiveisusedtodescribetheappearanceandtextureofthelungs?
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