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[3]
Ifitrains,I’llstayathome.
[4]
Ifitrained,Iwouldstayathome.
[5]
Ifithadrained,Iwouldhavestayedathome.
Somebookspostulatetheso-calledzeroconditionalexpressinganalways-
-truerelationbetweenthecausedescribedintheantecedentandtheeffectshown
inthemainclause.Insuchacasebothclausesemploythesametense,i.e.either
simplepresentorsimplepast:
[6]
Ifyouheatice,itmelts.
[7]
Ifshehadmoney,shespentitonclothes.
Thetypecoversalsotautologicalconditionalsentences,thatisthosethatreferto
themselves,e.g.Ifthissentenceistrue,itistrue.
Thisclassification,ashasbeenalreadymentioned,isthemostcommonin
descriptiveandpedagogicalgrammars.
Anotherclassificationisbasedonthesemanticcontentandisabinarydistinc-
tionbetweenopenconditionals(traditionalconditionalsI)andhypotheticalcon-
ditionals(traditionalconditionalsIIandIII).Avariationofthismaybefoundin
Onions(1904:67–68),whosuggeststwoothertypes:open(“impliesnothingasto
thefactoffulfilment”),rejected(intwosenses:“negativeandthrownbackin
time”)withitssub-classBcalledspecialconditionalform(“toindicateremote-
nessofthesupposition”,e.g.Ifyouwereright,Ishouldbewrong).
Traditionalstructuralgrammarspresentasemanticallydeterminedclassifica-
tion,asinLeech(1971:109–111):typeI–factual–apositivetruth-commit-
ment,thespeakerbelievesthesituationdescribedisafact,presentorpasttime
reference;typeII–theoretical–notruth-commitment,thespeakerhasnone-
cessaryknowledgeortheconditionisfullyopen;typeIII–hypothetical–
negativetruth-commitment,thespeakerassumesthattheeventdescribeddoes
notordidnottakeplace.AdoptingamorepragmaticstanceQuirketal.
(1985:1091–1097)postulateadistinctionbetweenaclassofgenerallyrecog-
nizedconditionsnameddirectconditions,subdividedintoopenandhypothet-
icaldependingonthefulfilmentornon-fulfilmentofthecondition,differentiat-
edfromrhetoricalandindirectconditions,coveringotherif-clauses.
Afunction-orientedclassificationispostulatedbycognitivelinguistics,
wherewemayfindvariousclasses.DancygierandMioduszewska(1984)point
toabinarydistinctionbetweenconsequential(cause-effectrelationshipe.g.IfI
catchthetrain,Iwillcomeontime)andnon-consequentialrelations(e.g.If
Susieislisteningatthedoor,sheisbreathingquietly),whereinthelatter“the
linkbetweentheantecedentandtheconsequentisnotcausal”and“notonlyisq
notconditionedbyp,but,quiteonthecontrary,pisconditionedbyqinsuch
asensethatthespeakerisabletoacceptpastrueifqholdstrue”;therefore“qis
asortofspeaker-relativetruthfulnessconditionsofp”(DancygierandMiodu-
szewska1984:122,seealsoMolencki1999:40).InherlaterworkDancygier
(1990:357–360)recallsLyons’s(1977)distinctionintothreeorders:firstorder–
