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3.Drama,TheatreandNarrative
19
mentalpropertywhichenablesthetransformationoffictionalreality
intoascenicreality”[Głowińskietal.1988:96].12Whenembeddedin
thespeechofahigher-ordernarrator,asinTheGlassMenageriebyTen-
nesseeWilliams(1944),adramaisfrequentlyconsideredHnarrative.”13
Secondly,thespeakingconstitutesthedramaticfigures’Hverbalpres-
ence”andHessentialmodeofaction”(zasadniczysposóbdziałania)
[Głowiński,Okopień-Sławińska,Sławiński1975:394].Inotherwords,
drama’sfictionalworldandcharactersarecreatedbymeansofmainly,
butnotexclusively,speaking[Pfister1988:6].Theactofspeakingis
thereforeacreativeactanditcorrelateswithnarrativeaction[Głowiń-
ski,Okopień-Sławińska,Sławiński1975:411].
Drama’simmediacy,asPfisterandotherssuggest,opposesnarra-
tive’smediacy.YetthisconclusioniscontradictedinGombrowiczand
Beckett.Alloftheirnovelsunderconsiderationareautodiegetic,that
is,thenarratingfigureandexperiencingfigurearehomologous,andas
suchtheyspeakHontheirownbehalf.”InGombrowicztheoverlapping
ofdiscourses(thatofthenarratorandthatoflower-ordercharacters)is
boundtocomplexnarratorialoperations,rangingfromcompleteiden-
titytoexplicitselectivenessandarbitrariness.InBeckett,thereisno
overlappinginsofarasthetotalityofanylower-ordercharacters’utter-
ancesisabsorbedinthenarrator’sdiscourse.Thenarratorialdiscourse
inallnovelsis,asaresult,fullyautonomousbecauseitisnotmediated
byanyhigher-levelentity.Itisexpressivebecausespeechistheonly
meansofexpression.Itismonologicalbecausethenarratingandspeak-
ingsubjectisonlyoneineachnovel.Itiscreativebecausethenarrator’s
actsofspeakingcreatethefictionalreality.Thesefourcharacteristics
ofGombrowicz’sandBeckett’snovelscontributetotheirimmediacy.
Finally,thenarratorialdiscourse,especiallythatinBeckett’snovels,
ishighlymetaliterary,andinallnovelsitpassesasconversational,in-
formalandsimultaneouswithnarrating.Henceoralityinallsixnovels
correspondstotheautonomyandemancipationofnarrators’speech
and,consequently,totheimmediacyofthenarrativeactandprocess.
Inactuality,thesemanticmechanismofimmediacyhasbeensensedfor
alongtime.Głowiński’sperceptivecommentisagoodcaseinpoint,
HThelastnovelsbyGombrowiczbeginasifthetellerandhislisteners
wereatarm’slength”[1984:365;seeFalkiewicz1981;Jarzębski1984;
Kalin2012].14However,untilnowthissemanticmechanismhasnot
beenthoroughlyexamined.
