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FOREWORD
spectrumofstudiesonhistoryofpenalthought,institutionsand
doctrines.Itcoverstheindispensableminimumoffactographic
materialandsources,essentialfortheclarificationofthematter.The
aimofthispaper,asidefromitsscientificcharacterandintentionally
chosenformofatheoreticintroduction,istoserveasadidacticaidin
thedomainofadvancedpenology,especiallyininterpretationsofthe
theoryofpunishmentandhistoryofpenalcultures.
***
1.Significanceoftheclassificationofthetheory
andcritiqueofpunishment
Theideaofpunishmentfindsitssourcesinmyths,religiouscreeds
andbeliefs,andingeneralviewsontheworldorderandjustice;that
especiallyconcernstheEuropeanculturalheritage
1
.Punishing
criminalshasbeenthesubjectofphilosophicalandtheoreticdebates
foralongtime.Thecriminallawsciencecontinuesphilosophical
discussionsonpunishmentinrelationtotheanalysisofconcepts
presentinthelegallanguageandparlanceandinrelationtocomplex
socialissuesofthecriminallaw.Comprehensiveculturallyintegrated
penologicalstudiesareconductedwiththeuseoftheconceptof
philosophicalandlegalmeta-analysisanddogmaticjuridicalexegesis,
andinreferencetomethodsandnotionstakenfromsuchdisciplines
associology,anthropology,politicalscience,psychology,history,
criminologyandeducation,or,indirectly,fromeconomicsand
management,thuscreatingageneralareaofinteresttomodern
penologyunderstoodasacognateofthecriminallawscience
2
.Ifwe
1
See:J.Utrat-Milecki,Kara,[in:]Leksykonsocjologiireligii.Zjawiska–bada-
nia–teorie,ed.M.Libiszowska-Żółtkowska,J.Mariański,Warsaw,Verbinum
2004.
2
See:J.Utrat-Milecki,Przedmiot,miejsceirolapenologiijakodyscypliny
pokrewnejnauceprawakarnego,[in:]Gaudiuminlitterisest.Thecommemorative