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3.Scopeoffossilization
Chapterone:WhatIsFossilization?
AlthoughSelinkerandLakshmanan(1993)clearlystatethatthereisnoprecise
listoffossilizablelanguagestructures,itiscommonknowledgethat,despite
prominencebeinggiventopronunciation,namelytheso-calledforeignac-
cents,fossilizationisexpectedtooccuratphonological,morphologicalaswell
assyntacticandlexicallevelslWhileforeignaccentsandexamplesofbad
pronunciationingeneralaretoagreaterorlesserextentobservableamongFL
learnersirrespectiveoftheirL1backgroundandlanguage,fossilizablelanguage
structuresatthelevelofmorphology,syntaxandlexisaremoreL1specific,
andtheirfrequencyofoccurrenceislikelytodifferwithrespecttothenative
languageofagivenFLlearnerl
3.1.L1-inducedfossilization
L1specificfossilization,toquotetheevidencefrommostrecentstudiesonfos-
silizationreviewedbyHan(2004)andWysocka(2009,2010,2012),lexicaland
morphosyntacticcategoriesthathavebeenlabeledaspronetofossilizationare
thefollowing:
•wordclass(partsofspeech,elgl…łmakepeoplestrengthinsteadofmakepeople
strongor…łarenotnecessarynormalforpeopleinsteadofarenotnecessarily
normalforpeople),
•worduse(metaphorandidiom,collocation,styleandregister,punctuation,
elglłsaythetruth,insteadoftellthetruth,*intodaysworldinsteadofin
today’sworld),
•wordformation(spelling,elglłintrestinginsteadofinterestingorłpowerfull
insteadofpowerful),
•grammaticalgenderandthirdpersonsingularpossessivedeterminers
(elglfiremanlfirewomaninsteadoffirefighter,hisinsteadofhimandvice-
versa),
•verbalmorphology(verbformsandconjugation,elglłworkesinsteadof
works),
•grammaticalmorphemessuchasarticles,pluralsandprepositions(elgl
łaappleinsteadofanapple,łfootsinsteadoffeet,łonalessoninsteadofin
alesson),
•relativeclauses(elglplacingacommabeforearelativepronoun),
•passivevoice(elglłTheworldisgovernbymoneyinsteadofTheworldis
governedbymoney),
•adverbplacement(elglplacinganadverbbetweentheverbandtheobject:
łThestudenteatsquicklyhismeals),
