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SaraHartmann
theframeworkofEuropeanweaknesses’11(Tzara1963:30).Dadaismenactedthe
criticismofthevaluesemanatedbythecurrentsocietyandavant-garde,suchas
theintrinsicworthofhumanacts.Itsoppositiontothefuturewasequivalenttoits
hostilitytoprophets.
DadaismprovokedashockwithimmediateelectontheEuropeanmainstream
culture.Itsopenhostilitytowardstheestablishedsocialorder,justifiedbythecar-
nageofthewar,wasperhapsitsmostactiveelement.Incompleteoppositiontothe
Futurists’praisefortechnicaldevelopment,Dadaproposedthederogationofvalues
inanabsoluteway.AccordingtoFer,themovementusedrandomnessasaway
tounderminepictorialandliteraryconventions(1993:180).Tenotionofchance,
however,wasanythingbutarbitraryormeaninglessinDadaism.Collectivememory
appearedasonemoreelementassembledintheestablishedculture.Intheinter-
warperiod,theDadaistappealbecamesharper.Surrealismwasatthesametime
thecontinuationandthetransformationofDada’scryforgeneralisedsuspicion
andspontaneity.
SurrealismandtheEnlargedReality
TecoreoftheearlySurrealistgroupformedaspartoftheParisianDadaism,intro-
ducedtherein1919.In1921,however,Bretonalreadyevincedaconcernwiththe
establishmentofmoreKefcient’andlessanarchicwaysofapproachingtheissues
occupyingthemovement(Nadeau1964:31).Tosomeextent,thedestructive
characterofDadacreatedalimitationforitsparticipants.AsGeorgesRibemont-
-Dessaignesexplains,SurrealismcametobeKanintelligentsolutiontotheinternal
dramaofDadaism’12(qtd.inFauchereau1976:24).
FascinatedbytheworldofreverieasrevealedbySigmundFreud,theSurreal-
istsintendedtoliveandencouragetheexperienceofl’hommeentière(Ktheentire
man’),whofinallydisplayshisobscuritiesintheopen.Temeansofachievingthis
experience,however,werenotpre-determined.AccordingtoNadeau,itcouldbe
summarisedthus:KLettheKunknownhost”expressitself,initsdepth,initsentirety,
automatically’13(1964:17).Inthissense,theFreudianconceptoftheunconscious,
i.e.,therediscoveredattributesoftheKunknownhost,’pavedthewayfortheinves-
tigationofawholenewdimensionofthepsyche,onethattheSurrealists,atthis
point,sawasanimportantweaponintheirfightagainstthereigninglogic.Freud
was,ofcourse,notaloneinexploringthisnewperspective.Discoveriestakingplace
inotherfieldsofknowledge,mostnotablyphysics,alsohelpedtocreateanatmo-
sphereofsuspiciontowardstraditionalnotionsofsenseandcausality.Teunstable
economicandpoliticalsituationininterwarEuropealsoplayedapart.
11
DADArestedanslecadreeuropéendesfaiblesses.
12
Unesolutionintelligenteaudrameinternedumouvementdada.
13
Laissers’exprimer(l’hôteinconnue
’danssaprofondeur,danssatotalité,automatiquement.
