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Combiningsocialandhealthproblemsinthelifecourse
Amaninallpolicies
Preface0
Onthesubject
andconceptsused
Tisbooktreatsonsocialneedsandsocialproblemsidentifiedandanalysed
inthelifecourseperspective,aswellasinstitutionsthatsatisfytheseneedsand
alleviateorevensolvethoseproblems.Eachcategory:needs,problems,andsocial
institutions,requiresdefiningandclarificationfromthepointofviewoftheirappli-
cationinthebook.
Identifyingsocialneeds,oneusuallyreferstosomeclassification.Teclassifi-
cationofneedsbyMaslowisthemostpopularone.AbrahamMaslow(1943)was
anAmericanpsychologistwho,inasyntheticmanner,presentedahierarchically
dependentstructureofhumanneeds,whichmotivatepeopletosatisfytheirneeds
inaspecificorder.Accordingtohistheory,aferthebasicbiologicalandsafety
needsaresatisfied,higherneedsarefeltmorestronglyandapersonstartstopur-
suethemnext.Tistheoryofneedsisrepresentedintheformofapyramidwith
afive-levelsystemofneeds.Attheendofhislife,Maslowaddedtwomoregroups
ofneeds:cognitiveandaesthetic(Maslow1971).
Maslow’stheoryofneedsexplainsthesourceofhumanmotivationtotake
actions.Ifhungerandtheneedofprotectionagainstcoldanddangerarenotsat-
isfied,apersonisnotfullyabletoperformanyotheractionsrelatedtosatisfying
higherneeds,suchasstrivingforintegration,achievingrecognition,self-develop-
ment,aswellascognitiveandaestheticneeds.Maslow’stheorywasextendedand
operationalizedbyotherscholars(e.g.Bradshaw1972;Doyal,Gough1991;Dean
2010),whosuggestednewclassificationsfromeconomics,socialpolicy,andhealth
policypointsofview.Teydiscussedsuchdilemmasastheuniversalismofneeds
versusspecificity,individualandcollectiveneeds,absoluteandrelativeneeds,nor-
mativeandfeltneedsaswellasthetypesofmeans,whichmaybeutilizedforsat-
isfyingneeds(e.g.materialandnon-material).
