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1.
OCEANOGRAPHY–INTRODUCTION
OceanographyisthescientificstudyoftheoceansiItincludesastudyoftheir
physical,chemical,geologicalformsandbiologicalfeatures,andtheirinteraction
withtheatmosphere,land,andbottomi
Oceanography(compoundoftheGreekwordsὠκεανόςmeaningIocean’and
γράφωmeaningIwrite’),alsoknownasoceanologyandmarinescience,isthe
branchofEarthsciencethatstudiestheoceaniItcoversawiderangeoftopics,in-
cludingmarineorganismsandecosystemdynamics;oceancurrents,waves,andge-
ophysicalfluiddynamics;platetectonicsandthegeologyoftheseafloor;andfluxes
ofvariouschemicalsubstancesandphysicalpropertieswithintheoceanandacross
itsboundariesiThesediversetopicsreflectmultipledisciplinesthatoceanog-
raphersblendtofurtherknowledgeoftheworldoceanandunderstandingofpro-
cesseswithinastronomy,biology,chemistry,climatology,geography,geology,hy-
drology,meteorology,andphysicsiPaleoceanographystudiesthehistoryofthe
oceansinthegeologicpast[57]i
Themostimportantpointsinthehistoryofoceanographyareasfollows:
4000BC-EgyptiantradeontheNileRiver,
3800BC-Firstmapsshowingwater(rivercharts),
1200BC-PhoenicianstradefromMediterraneantoBritainandWestAfrica,
1000BC-PolynesiansfirstinhabitTonga,Samoa,
900BC-GreeksfirstusethetermOceans,
325BC-Chineseinventthecompass,
780-Vikingraidsbegin,
1492-Columbus'sfirstvoyage,
1522-Magellan'screwcompletesfirstcircumnavigation,
1768-JamesCook'sfirstvoyageofdiscoveryandfirstsoundings,
1769-BenjaminFranklinpublishesfirstchartshowinganoceancurrent,
1818-JohnRosstakesfirstdeepwaterandsedimentsamples,
1831-CharlesDarwindepartsonfiveyearvoyageaboardHMSBeagle,
1855-MatthewMaurypublishesPhysicalGeographyoftheseas,
1859-Darwin'soriginofspeciespublished,
1872-DepartureofHMSChallengerExpedition,
1880-WilliamDittmardeterminesmajorsaltsinseawater,
1891-SirJohnMurrayandAlphonseRenardclassifymarinesediments,
1893-FridjofNanseninArcticinFram,
1906-PrinceAlbertIofMonacoestablishestheMuseeOceanographique,
1911-RonaldAmundsenfirstatSouthPole,
1912-AlfredWegener'sFrankfurtlecturesoncontinentaldrift,
1921-InternationalHydrographicBureaufounded,
1925-DepartureofMeteorExpedition;firstechosounderinoperation,
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