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-exosphere-thespaceextendingfromthealtitudeof800kmfromthe
Earth.Afurtherriseinambienttemperature,underrisingverticalthermal
gradient,occursinparallelwiththedecreaseintheconcentrationofionised
particlesandhigherconcentrationsofneutralparticles-thecomponentofthe
interplanetarygas.Thetemperatureintheupper-atmospherelayersisknown
toamountto20000C.Themostinterestingaspectrelatedtotheseextreme
temperaturesisthat,regardlessoftheseverityofthoseconditions,spacecraft
aresafetotraversethissphereduetoextremelylowairdensityandnegligible
convectiveheattransfer.
Thesethermo-variablespheresareseparatedbytheintermediatelayers,
knownaspauses:
-tropopause-a1-2kmthicklayerofEarth)satmosphereconstituting
atransitionzonebetweentroposphereandstratosphere;
-stratopause-isalayerlocatedapprox.40kmabovetheequator.Itis
atransitionbetweenstratosphereandmesosphere.Theaveragevertical
temperaturegradientwithinthislayeris00C;
-mesopause-isathinisothermallayeroftheEarth)satmosphereat
theheightofapprox.80kmdividingthesubjacentmesospherefromthe
superjacentthermosphere.Inmesopause,theairtemperatureisintheregion
of−1000Candtheaveragepressureis0.1hPa.Acharacteristicfeatureof
mesopauseistheoccurrenceofnoctilucentcloudsandicecrystals.
Particularlayersoftheatmosphereexhibitcharacteristicphysical
properties,whicharedeterminedbytheinteractionsofparticles.Theirheight
isvariableintimeanddependsonthelatitudeoftheplaceinquestion.
Theionosphereisadistinctlayeroftheatmospherenotmentionedinthe
precedingclassification.Itencompassestherangeofheightsbetween60and
400km(overlappinginhalfmesosphere,mesopauseandinhalfthermosphere)
andissubjecttocontinuousandsubstantialheavyionisationbythesolar
energy.Duetoitsrefraction,refectionandabsorptionproperties,itisvitally
importantinradiocommunication.
AnalternativedivisionofEarth)satmosphere-inrelationtotheinfuence
oftheSun-splitsitintotheupperandtheloweratmosphere.Intheupper
atmosphere,sunraysareresponsibleforphotonionisation,magneticstorms,
aurorasormeteorshowers,however,thesephenomenaarediscussedlaterin
thisstudy.Theloweratmospherelargelycorrespondswiththetroposphere.
Thesolarenergypenetratingthiszoneheatsuptheairmasses,thus
determiningdifferentweatherconditions,i.e.statesoftheatmosphere.
Thestateoftheatmosphereischaracterisedbythesebasicparameters:
pressure,density,temperatureandhumidity.
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