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CHAPTER1
Exploitationstresses
ofhigh-voltageinsulatingsystems
ofpowerequipment
Itisdifficulttoimaginethemodernworldwithouttheubiquitouselectricity.Thelast
centurysawtheunprecedenteddevelopmentoftheenergypowersegment,manifested
inthetransmissionofbulkypoweroverever-longerdistancesandtheexpansionof
powersystemswiththebasicconditionofpowersupplyreliabilityandenvironmental
safety.Theincreasingdemandforelectricitywastheresultoftheemergenceoflarge
urbanagglomerationsaswellasthedevelopmentofindustryand(inrecentyears)
smartcitiesandelectromobility.
Progressinpowerengineeringistheeffectofthedynamicdevelopmentofhigh-
voltageelectricalequipmentconstructionintheareasofelectricitygeneration,trans-
mission,anddistribution.Insulationsystemsareelementsofthehigh-voltage(HV)
andultra-high-voltage(UHV)constructionofpowerequipment,includinggenerators,
transformers,overheadtransmissionlines,andpowercables.Thedevelopmentof
high-voltageinsulationsystemtechnologyhasbeenachievedthankstoadvancements
invariousfieldsofscienceandtechnologyoverthelastcentury.
Inelectricalengineering,thiswasthestageofcreatinghigh-voltageinsulationsys-
temsforwhichthefundamentalrequirementistheappropriatevalueofelectrical
strength.Compliancewiththisconditionhasallowedtheconstructionofelectri-
calpowergenerationandtransmissionequipmentatincreasinglyhighervoltagesand,
therefore,ofincreasingpower.Thus,progressinpowerengineeringistosomeextent
aresultofthedevelopmentofhigh-voltageinsulationsystems.Thedevelopmentof
transformerdesignsandotherapparatusesaswellastheintroductionofthree-phase
alternatingvoltagesystemshelpedenablesubstantialprogressinthepowerindustry,
especiallyinthescopeofincreasingthetransmissioncapacityofelectricity.Duetoan
ever-betterunderstandingofthephysicalpropertiesofdielectrics,therapiddevelop-
mentoftheirapplicationsinhigh-voltagepowerequipmenthasoccurred.Thelevelof
ratedvoltageinthepowerindustryrangesfromadozenkilovoltsatthebeginning
ofthelastcenturytoseveralmegavoltsnowadays;thisreferstopowerdeviceswith
thehighestalternatinganddirectvoltages,whichinthelattercasesymbolicallymeans
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