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Ageing.Overtheyears,naturalchangesoccurinthevocalorgan.
Thisslowprocessleadstofundamentalchangesintheacoustic
parametersofthevoice,e.g.thefundamentalfrequencydecreasesin
women,whileitincreasesinmen(Ramig&Ringel,1983).
Pathologies.Theyarecausedbyvariousfactors,e.g.alcohol,drugs,
medicines.Drug-relatedvoicedisordersarecaused,forexample,by
aspirinandantihistamines.Regularuseofaspirinmaycauseslight
bleedingofthevocalfolds,loweringofthevoiceandmakingit
hoarse.
b)Externalphysicalfactors
Pollution.Themostcommonproblemispollution,e.g.dust,which
causesallergiesandinfections.Dustirritatestherespiratorytract,
causesswellingandinflammationofthethroatandnose,whichcan
cause
(Baken&Orlikoff,2000).
hoarseness
and
even
complete
loss
of
voice
Airhumidity.Toohighortoolowhumidityhasanegativeeffecton
thefunctioningofthevocalorgan.Personsworkingpermanentlyin
suchconditionsmaysufferpermanentchangesintheirvoice
(Hemler,Wieneke,&Dejonckere,1997).
Noise.Noiseisconsideredthemostimportantenvironmentalfactor
affectingspeechproduction.Tospeakinnoise,extraeffortisneeded
tospeaklouder,higher,withmorecarefularticulation.Thespectral
structureofthesignalchanges.
Thephysicaldistancebetweenthespeakerandthelistener,possiblya
microphone,
(Titze&Winholtz,1993).
directly
increases
the
speaker's
voice
level
Stressandextremeemotionswhichcausespecificchangesinthestructure
ofthespeechsignalhaveadirectimpactonthephysiologyandfunctioningof
thevocalorgan-articulationsettingsandstimulationofthevocaltractchange.
2)Linguisticlevel.Theanalysisofspeechsignaldiversityatthelinguistic
andsociolinguisticlevelsisparticularlyusefulforcharacterizingand
recognizingthespeaker'slanguagecompetences.Thesyntactic,lexical
structures
used,
characteristic
vocabulary,
so-called
idiolect
(Doddington,2001),theprosodicimplementationoftheutterance,
especiallyintonationpatterns,provideinformationonregionalvarieties
oflanguage,socio-culturalaspects,socio-economicstatusofthespeaker
(e.g.Omar&Pelecanos,2010).Theanalysisofthesociolinguisticlevel
takesintoaccountaspectsrelatedtothestyleofexpressionconditioned
bythesocialandcommunicationsituation(e.g.Vinciarelli,Pantic,&
Bourlard,2009).
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