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Table1.ChronologyofQumranaccordingtodeVaux’ssynthesisandHumbert’sreas-
sessment(Humbert,Gunneweg2003:444).
800BC?
700BC
580BC?
135BC
104BC
63BC
56BC
40BC
34BC
31BC
Dates
SYNTHESIS
DEVAUX’S
2Chron.
26,10
JohnHyr-
canus
Alexander
Jannaeus
Pompeyat
Jerusalem
Gabinius
destroys
Hyrcania
Parthian
raid
Antony
assigns
DeadSea
to
Cleopatra
Herod
subdues
theDead
Sea
second
destruc-
tion
ofHyrca-
nia
EARTH-
QUAKE
according
toJose-
phus
History
PERIOD
Ia
PERIOD
Ib
small
Israe-
litefort
Iron
AgeII
endof
Period
Ib.
seque-
nce:
"earth-
quake-
fire-
exile”
Vaux
GAP
De
pottery
numis-
matic
finds
but-
tressing
inthe
central
building
com-
plete
restora-
tionof
theset-
tlement
begin-
ningof
the
ceme-
tery
"bone
depo-
sits”
(locus
135)
Archaeo-
REASSESSMENT
logy
HUMBERT’S
smallfort
Iron
AgeII
anaristo-
cratic
Hasmo-
naean
residence
afterone
ofthe
three
possible
destruc-
tions:
Qumran
re-settled
with
arefuge
camp
occupa-
tion
by
"anew
group”
Revision
Qumran
for
GAP
PROPOSITIONFORLEVELS
PHASEA
PHASEA
PHASEB
LEVEL1
LEVEL2
LEVEL2
LEVEL3
Level
HUMBERT’S
800BC?
700BC?
580BC?
135BC
104BC
63BC
56BC
40BC
34BC
31BC
Dates
10
