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Conditionsoftherecognitionofthecivilstatusoftranssexualandtransgenderpeople...
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Duringthelifetimeofanindividualtheremightoccurvariouschangesoftheir
civilstatus,whichshouldbedulyrecorded.Foreachsuchchange-inordertobe
recordedintheCivilStatusRegister-adequateproceduresmustbefollowed.Itis
importanttorememberthatcivilstatuschangesarealwaysaconsequenceofsome
legalfactthathasoccurredinthelifeofanindividual.Sometimesitisacourt
judgment(e.g.incaseofdivorceorthejudicialfindingofpaternity),onother
occasionsitisadecisionoftheCivilRegistrar(e.g.whenthenameorsurnameis
changedinadministrativeproceedings5).Somechangesofcivilstatusmayalso
beefectedbyvoluntaryactsperformedinfrontoftheRegistrar(e.g.enteringinto
marriageoracknowledgingthepaternity).Typically,anychangeofcivilstatusis
efectiveonlyforthefuture(exnunc)andisrecordedbymeansofthesocalled
4supplementaryannotation’whichisaddedtorelevantcivilstatusacts.
ItisworthunderliningthatallentriesintheCivilStatusRegisteraredeclaratory.
Nevertheless,theroleoftheRegisteriscrucialinpractice,whichtranspiresfrom
Art.3ofthe2014LawonCivilStatusActs.Theprovisioninquestionproclaims
ageneralrulethatcivilstatusactsarethesoleevidenceoftheeventsrecorded
therein.Thismeansthatproving,inanykindofproceedings,somebody’sdeath,
filiation,maritalstatusorsexalwaysrequiresanomcialcertificate(abirth,marriage
ordeathcertificate)whichisissuedfromtheRegisterasareflectionofrelevant
civilstatusacts.Article3ofthe2014Lawfurtherexplainsthatinordertocorrect
anyuntruestatementsthatmaypotentiallyappearinthecivilstatusact,aproper
courtrulingisalwaysrequired.Severaldiferentpossibilitiescomeintoplayinthis
respect.Itmightbe,forexample,ajudgmentwhichdeclaresamarriagenon-existent
abinitio(duetothelackofsomeconstituentelementnecessaryforthecelebration
ofmarriage6).Another,moreuniversalinstrumentthatcanbeusedtoeliminatefalse
recordsfromtheRegister,isthejudicialcorrectionofthecivilstatusact,asregulated
inArt.36oftheLawonCivilStatusActs.Itconcernsactsthatweredrawnup
wronglyfromtheveryoutset.Thecorrectionjudgmentisgiveninnon-contentious
proceedingsinitiatedbyamotionofaninterestedperson.Thepetitionermustprove
whatwaswronglypresentedintheRegister.Whenthejudgmentbecomesfinal,the
correctionisintroducedintotheRegisterandithasaretroactiveefect(efectiveness
extunc).Theabovejudicialproceduremustbedistinguishedfromthesituation
whenclearmistakes(e.g.spellingerrors)arefoundintheRegister.Ifsuchamistake
isidentifiablebyasimplecomparisonwithothercivilstatusactsordocuments
depositedintheRegister,thecorrectionmaybeefectedinasimplifiedmannerby
theCivilRegistrarwhocanactevenonitsownmotion.7
5Cf.remarksinsection4infra.
6Theelementsuponwhichtheexistenceofmarriagedependsare:thesimultaneouspresence
ofbothspouses,theirdiferenceinsexandthemakingofcompatiblestatementsaboutenteringinto
marriageinfrontoftheproperomcial.
7Article35ofthe2014LawonCivilStatusActs.