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CapitalPunishmentinClassicalAthens
17
atimētoi),andthoseinwhichitremainedapossibilitysubjecttothediscretionof
theprosecutorandthejury(agonestimētoi).
CapitalProcedures?
Inthefirstgrouplistedshouldbetheprosecutionfortheftofsacredproperty
(graphēhierosylias)wheredeathsentencewas“embellished”withabanonbu-
rialinAttica(ataphia);15prosecutionforprocuringsexualservicesoffreepersons
(graphēproagōgeias);16fortransgressingthelimitationsincurredbyprostituting
oneself(graphēhetaireseōs);17and-possibly-foradultery(graphēmoicheias).18
Capitalpunishmentwasalsomandatoryintheessentiallyprivateprosecutionof
homicide(dikēphonou),withanimportantprovisothatitappliedonlytoconvic-
tionincasestriedbytheAreopagus(premeditatedhomicide;phonosekpronoias)
andtheDelphinion(justifiedhomicide;phonosdikaios).19
Manyotherproceduresfromamongtheagōnestimētoiprovidedthepossibility
ofsentencingtheaccusedtodeathuponconviction.Amongtheseinthefirstplace
shouldbelistedthenotoriousprosecutionformovingadecreecontrarytothelaw
(graphēparanomōn)andthecloselyrelatedcaseofintroducinganinexpedientlaw
(graphēnomonmēepitēdeiontheinai);theprosecutionfortheft(graphēklopēs);
forhybris(graphēhybreōs);forprovidingfalsesummons(graphēpseudokleteias).
Noprivatecase(exceptforthedikēphonou,seeabove)inwhichcapitalpunish-
mentcouldfollowtheassessmentofpenaltyuponconvictionisknown.
Thereare,however,notableabsencesfromtheabovelists,whichtestifyto
theincompletnessandperhapsunreliabilityoftheproceduralcriterion.Themost
revealingexamplearetheproceduresof“arrest”(apagōgē)and“denunciation”
(endeixis).Bothwereusedagainstthreedistinctgroupsofoffenders:“common
criminals”(kakourgoi),“exiles”(pheugontes)-incaseoftheirillegalreturn,and
finally“disenfranchised”citizens(atimoi)-incasewhentheyexercisedrightsto
15X.Hell.1.7.22;Mem.1.2.62;Lyc.1.65;Isocr.20.6;D.M.MacDowell:TheLawinClassical
Athens.London1978,p.149.
16Aesch.1.14,184;D.M.MacDowell:TheLawinClassicalAthens….,p.125;N.Fisher
(ed.):Aeschines:AgainstTimarchos.Oxford2001,p.138.
17Aesch.1.19-20(withtheinauthenticlawquotedat1.21);A.R.W.Harrison:TheLawof
Athens,Vol.1-2,Oxford1968-1971,p.37.
18Death-Ibidem,p.35;notknownwhethertimetosoratimetos-D.M.MacDowell:TheLaw
inClassicalAthens….,p.125.
19ThecourtatDelphiniontriedcasesofhomicidewheretheaccusedadmitstothekilling,but
claimsitwasjustifiedaccordingtotheletterofthelaw;ifthejury(theephetai)didnotaccepthis
plea,hewaspunishedwithdeath(cf.D.M.MacDowell:AthenianHomicideLawintheAgeofthe
Orators.Manchester1963,pp.70-81).
