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~Shakespeare’sIdeologicalConflictsandRhetoricalBattles~
withanonymousprefaces(Ubaldini,orCastelvetro)conceivedasapologies,and
defenses.Tus,wereadasomewhatlibertineassumptionintheanonymous
Barbagrigia’sprefaceintheWolfeeditionofIRagionamentid’amore,published
in1584,:Kchinonlascialalibertàagliuomini,chehalorconcedutalabenigna
Natura,nonfaaltrochefarglidiventaredoppiemalvagi”(KHumanbeingsmust
beletfreetoenjoybenignNature’sfreedom,orelsetheyaredoomedtobecome
double-tonguedandwicked”),thusKchinonpermettea”beglispiritidipalesare
conledottepenneloroalmondociecolecattiveriedelefeminemalvagieele
sporchezzedegliipocriti,nientealtrooperachenutricareecoprireilviziosotto
ilmantellodel’onestà”7.(Kwheremenofwitsarenotallowedtousetheirpen
toopentheeyesoftheworldandshowthewickednessofharlots,andthehy-
pocrites’dirtymind,viceremainssecretlyhiddenunderhonesty’scloak”).From
acertainpointofview,hereAretinoisindirectlydescribedasakindofmartyr
oftruth,awitnesstoπαρρησία(freedomofspeech)inaphilosophicalkeyof
cynicism,eventhoughonemightalsoassumethatAretino’sisnotreallyaparlar
franco,frankspeaking,butaparlarcoperto,covertspeaking,inprudentia,deli-
veringasecretmessageonfreedomofspeechdisguisedasaharlot’shandbook,
fortheearsofthosewhocouldunderstand.
Beitasitmay,allthosebookshadbeenlistedintheindexlibrorumprohi-
bitorumsince1559,eventhoughnoprintingpermissionforanyofthemhad
beenreleasedbyanyauthorityinItalysince1549.Wolfeprobablymeantto
smugglehisMachiavelliandAretinotoItaly,8butanumberofthosebooksco-
uldalsobesoldinLondon,whereItalianwasgenerallyspoken,orreadamong
merchants,peopleofquality,poets,playwrights,intellectuals,sothatitwould
bewrongtoassumethatMachiavelliwaschieflyknowninEnglandthrough
thatsortofwickedpropagandacaricatureonefindsinGentillet’sAntimachia-
vel.9AproofofthismaybefoundinShakespeare’sJuliusCaesarwherethe
Wolfein1588.TefirstpartofIRagionamentiwaspublishedinRomebyGio.Andreadel
Melogranoin1589.
7FiniscelasecondapartederagionamentidiM.PietroAretino(…)stampataconbuona
licenza(toltami)nellanobilcittàdiBengodinel’Italiaaltrevoltepidfelice,ilviggesimoprimo
d’octobreMDLXXXIVC.,A2v,C.A3r.See:Gerber,KAllofthefivefictitiousItalianEditions
ofWritingsofMachiavelli”(2-6;129-35;187-206);Sellers,KItalianBooksprintedin
Englandbefore1640”(105-28);Crane,ItalianSocialCustomsoftheSixteenthCenturyand
TeirInfluenceonTeLiteraturesofEurope;Gargano,ScapigliaturaItaliana.
8See:BertelliandInnocenti.
9See:Orsini.Seealso:Praz.InnocentGentillet,DiscourscontreMachiavelhasbeen
editedbyAntonioD’Andrea&PamelaStewart(1974).OnInnocentGentilletandthe
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