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1.Spartantreatiesofthearchaicperiod:
ananalysisofthesources
1.1.TeSpartan-Aitoliantreaty
Inhisarticlepublishedin1934,JacobLarsenremarkedwithacertainsurprisethat
thehegemonicclauseimposingunconditionalsubmissiontoSparta(Ctofollow
theLakedaimonianswhithersoevertheymaylead)),which-togetherwiththe
wordingabout“havingthesamefriendsandenemies”-wasallegedlythesecond
pillarofSpartantreatiesofalliance,appearsforthefirsttimeonlyinthetreatyof
capitulationofAthensin404BCE,andthatoutsidethisdocumentitisknown
exclusivelyfromthefourth-centuryagreements.
1
Tirtyyearslater,asourceap-
pearedthatseemedtocontradictLarsen)sstatementandtoconfirmtheintuition
1
Larsen(1934)9-10,cf.CAH
2
IV350(L.Jefery).TeknownSpartantreatiesinwhich
theformulasCtohavethesamefriendsandenemies)(A)andCtofollowtheSpartanswhitherso-
evertheymaylead)(B)arethefollowing:1)thetreatywiththeAchaians(beforeca.390seeXen.
Hell.4.6.2;forthepossibledateasearlyas418/417cf.T.5.82.1withSte.Croix[1972]108;note
thatonlytheformula[B]isattested);2)thetreaty(-ies)withAthens(404),seeXen.Hell.2.2.20
(=SVA211);3)thetreatywithOlynthos(379),seeXen.Hell.5.3.26(=SVA253,inKimmerle
[2005],10,n.9mistakenly:SVA153),cf.thegeneralisationoftheformula(B)inXen.Hell.6.3.7
andXen.Hell.5.2.8,whereKimmerle(2005),p.24,n.76found,abittoohastily,acrypto-
quotationfromtheSpartantreatywithPhleious(cf.ibidem,p.10andn.9).Letusnotethat
fromXen.Hell.7.1.24itappearsthatforXenophontheformula(B)wasnotexclusivelySpartan
inhisperiod.IfXen.Hell.4.6.2refersustotheSpartan-Achaiansettlementof418/417mentioned
inT.5.82.1(seee.g.Kimmerle[2005],p.24,n.77),wemustbeparticularlycautiousinextrapo-
latingtheformulatotheearlierperiod:theagreementof418/417musthavebeenconcludedin
themidstoftheongoingPeloponnesianWar.ForthecontraryviewseeKimmerle(2005)28,
whoseestheunilateralobligationsdefinedintheSpartan-Achaianallianceasacrucialargument
supportingthethesisthattherelationsbetweentheSpartansandtheirallieshadevertakenon
thesameform.