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16
JerzyStelmach
Whetherwewanttoornot,wemustlearntolivewiththeseparadoxes.The
questionremains,however,ofhow?Wewillalwayshaveafewdifferentoptions
butIwouldliketoconsiderthreeofthemhere.ThefirstsuchpossibilityIwould
defineherebytheterm"interpretational.”Throughinterpretationwemayelimi-
nateexistingbioethicalparadoxesand,whereitisnotpossible,wecanatleast
trytoweakenthem.Itisalwaysthecaseindiscoursethatwhereonewilldwell
onthedifferences,theotherwillfocusonthesimilarities.Ifwewishtoreachan
agreement,wemustobviouslyseekoutthe"commonground.”Inthecasewhere
theinterpretationalvariantisinsufficient(orimpossibletoimplement)wehave
atourdisposalasecondmannerwhichmaybetermedthe"procedural.”From
thestartwemayidentifycertainaimsandestablishformalconditionsinorder
torealiseit,distancingourselvesinthismannerfromfactualpresuppositions
whichoftenfindthemselvesincontradiction.Weassumethatthejustifieddeci-
sions(correct,important,reliable,effective)areonlythosewhichareinagree-
mentwiththepreviouslyacceptedconditionsofthegivenbioethicaldiscourse
procedure.Thethirdoptionisthepossibilitytoappealtoa"meta-theory.”Inmy
opinion,thisistheleasteffectivebutfrequentlyusedinbioethicaldiscourse.In
thecaseofthepure"interpretationalvariant”weareleftatthesamelevelof
generalisedconsiderationswhichremainindispute(strugglingwithantimony)
withoutappealingtosomekind"thirdtheory.”Despitethiswecanreverttosuch
atheorywhichhasarelationtotheoriginaloneofsomethingofa"meta-theory.”
Thisisakindofpre-existingtheoryoronewhichisconstructedforapplication
inagivenbioethicalparadox.This"repair”theory,whichaimstoeliminateor
weakenexistingantimonies,isinrealityathird,completelynewtheory.Theme-
ta-theoreticalvariant,althoughalwayspossible,inapplicationisencumbered
withcertainflaws.Aboveall,ifweappealtosomekindofthirdtheory,wearein
dangerofgoingbeyondthescopeoftheoriginalbioethicaldiscourse.Inthiscase,
wehavetotakeintoaccounttheerrorofskipping.Anotherproblemassociated
withthissolutionisconnectedwiththepossibilityofregressingintheprocessof
justifyingthatwhichisestablishedinthecourseofconsideringthemeta-theory.
Inordertoovercomethisregress,weappealtoatheoryatastillhigherlevelbut
thequestionremainsofhowtosubstantiatetheabovetheoryandsubsequently
thepremiseswhichdeterminethemandsoon,thatiswehaveajustificationof
theadinfinitumtype.
6.Don’tweknowhowtoidentifythelegalregulatinglimitsofbioethical
problems?
Lawisalwaysconcernedwiththerealmof"activebioethics”andthisapplies
todifferentfieldsoflaw,bothprivateandpublic.Legalexpertshaveintroduced
anumberof"new”notionstothefieldwhichhavehelpedtoexpresstheconnec-
tionsbetweenlawandbioethicssuchas;bioethicallaw(bio-law),legalbioethics,
