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MIROSLAWACZERNY,ANDRZEJCZERNY
workersstressedthatthecenter-peripheryschemerepeateditselfandhadbecome
entrenchedinthespatio-economicandsocialstructureoftheSouthAmerican
countries[Czerny1980].Ofpioneeringsignificanceinthisareawastheworkof
MiltonSantos,whichinspiredadiscussiononinternaldisparitiestolevelsof
development[Santos1971].Asearlyasin1974,M.Rościszewskiwrotethat((In
thecountriesoftheThirdWorld,thegreaterpartoftheterritory,inhabitedby
amajorityofthepopulation,wouldneedtobeassignedtoperipheralspace.
Mattersofthedevelopmentofthecountriesunderdiscussionherealsomostly
extendtoaremodellingofsocioeconomicrelationsofjustthisperipheralspace.
Fromthesepointsofview,researchintothenature,functionsandinternal
differentiationofperipheralspace,and(...)thelatter;slinkageswithcentralspace
isalsoofgreatimportance(...)”[Rościszewski1974:13].InthePolish
geographicalliteratureofthe1980s,thistrainofthoughtwasinteraliadeveloped
byM.Czerny,asshewrotemanytimesonthespatialdisparitiesthatcharacterize
developmentwithingivennationalterritories[Czerny1980,1985,1986].
Sincethe1980s,disparitiesinlevelsofdevelopmentwithingivenLatin
Americanstateshavestartedtowiden.Beginningtoappearalongsidewhatare
unambiguously((central”regions-mostoftencountries;capitalcities-thereare
regionsthathavecomewithintheorbitofworldtradethankstoglobalization,
theirrelationshipswiththeexternalmarketinturnbecomingstrongerthanthose
bindingthemwithinthecountry.Urbancentershavealsobeeninvolved,whether
thesebeindustrialorservice-related,orofferingtheirproductsontheglobal
marketandmodernizingrapidlytheproductionprocessonfarmsalmostentirely
gearedtotheglobalmarket(forexamplethroughsuper-automationofthe
productionofwine,meatandcheeses,fruitandvegetablesdesignatedeither
directlyfortheworldmarket[inthecaseofavocadoes,apples,melons,pears,
Americanblueberries,artichokesandsoon],orelseforprocessinginthefactories
ofthelargemultinationalslikeDole,Heinz,DelMonteandothers).The
appearanceofsuchenclavesofmodernagriculturedifferingfromthelarge
latifundiafromearliertimesthatweremoreengagedinextensivethanintensive
agriculturalproductionhasonlyservedtowidenthegapbetweenregionsin
whichthefarmingisrelativelyup-to-dateandthoseinwhichthereisacontinued
prevalenceofsubsistenceagriculturetomeetfarmers;ownneeds,withonly
limitedusemadeofmoderntechniquesandtechnologies,totheextentthatthe
mainthruststodevelopmenthavesomehowpassedthemaltogether.Regionsin
whichthiskindoffarmproductionholdsswaymayobviouslyberegardedas
peripheral[Czerny,Córdova2014].
Theanalysisofthesocioeconomicsituationsofruralregionsoughttoofferan
answertoaquestionastowhytheyhaveremainedperipheral.Ofcourse,
peripheralitymaybealsoascribedtoregionswhereminingiscarriedon,but
perhapstoadecliningextent;orwhereotherkindsofindustryfromtheFordera
wereinplacebuthavesincecollapsed.
However,itisthepurposeofthisarticletofocusonruralareas,andtherethe
focuswillremain.Infact,studiesandopinionsonthecausesofunder-
