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C
HAPTER
1.E
xPLAININGTHEFUNDAMENTALSOFREADINGABILITYANDITSDEVELOPMENT
misleadingtoviewreadingasisolatedfromsocialandculturalcontext,sincethe
writer,thetextandthereaderdirectlydependonthesociety:authorscreatetheir
textsinwaysthatarecharacteristictotheirgender,ethnicity,intentions,attitudes
orconvictions.
101050READINGASAPURPOSEFULACTIVITy
Readersapproachtextswithvariousgoalsandmotivations.Amongthe
manypurposesforreadingGrabe&Stoller(2002)enumerate:(1)searchingfor
information(scanningandskimming),(2)learningfromatext,(3)integratingnew
informationwithwhatisknown,(4)evaluating,critiquing,andusingthegathered
information,or(5)simplycomprehending.Wallace(1999)sortspurposesfor
readingintothreemajorcategories:(1)readingtosurvive,(2)readingtolearn,
and(3)readingforpleasure(pp.6-7).Readingpurposesaffecthowwellreaders
comprehendtexts,thewaytheycarryoutinferencing,andhowwelltheyareableto
recollectthemeaning(Chodkiewicz,2013b).Grabe(2009)addsthateventhough
readersreadfordifferentpurposes,theystillemploythesameunderlyingcognitive
processes,anduthedifferencesaremattersofemphasisandelaborationratherthan
differentskillsbeingused”(p.13).Thesedifferencesareparticularlyvisiblewhen
comparingreadingtolearnwithreadingforpleasure.
101060THEINTERACTIVENATUREOFREADING
Readingcomprehensionisnotamerediscoveryofone,precise,fxedmeaning
thatatextcontains,onthecontrary,itisconstructedthroughdynamicinteractions
betweenreaderandthetext(Kucer,2005;Wallace,1999),drawingonulinguistic
andschematicknowledgeandontheinputprovidedbytheprintedorwrittentext”
(Wallace,1999,p.39).Dakowska(2005)acknowledgestheinteractivenatureof
thereadingprocess,andnamesthethreeinteractingagents:thewriter,thereader,
andthetext.Thewriterinteractswiththereaderthroughtheirtext,andthereader
activelysearchesformeaningusinghisorherunderstandingoftheworldand
throughfamiliaritywiththetopic.
AccordingtoGrabe(2009),theinteractivenatureofreadingcanbeobservedat
twolevels.Atonelevel,parallelinteractionsbetweencognitiveskillsandknowledge
occurinthereader’smind(p.15),inotherwords,uoneneedstoutilisemultiple
sourcesofinformationandprocessthemsimultaneously”(Sobkowiak&Piasecka,
2014,p.51).Readersactivelydrawupontheirbackgroundknowledgeandprevious
experiences,thusenablinginteractionbetweenthetextandtheirknowledgeofthe
world.AsHudson(2007)putsit:utheactivereaderprovidesalotoftheinformation
necessarytocomprehendanytext”(p.28).Attheotherlevel,interactiontakesplace
betweenthereaderandthewriter.Theauthorisalsopresent,sincethetextishisor
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