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HAPTER
1.E
xPLAININGTHEFUNDAMENTALSOFREADINGABILITYANDITSDEVELOPMENT
(1991)confrmbystatingthatuitisabasicprocessinreadinguponwhichallother
readingprocessesarepredicated”(p.2),andGrabe&Stoller(2002)considerituthe
mostfundamentalrequirementforfluentreadingcomprehension”(p.20).Visual
wordrecognitionischaracteristiconlyofreading(Grabe,2009;Perfetti,VanDyke
&Hart,2001).
Effcientwordrecognitionischaracterisedbyspeed0Fluentreadingseems
effortless,asindividualwordsarerecognisedwithinaquarterofasecond(Rayneret
al.,2012).Thisremarkablepacemightsuggestthatreadersperceiveindividualwords
aswholesorpictures,orthattheyrelyoncontextualclues(Walpole&McKenna,
2007).However,ithasbeendemonstratedthatreaderspayattentiontoalltheintra-
wordpartsinmostofthewordsinagiventext(Balota,Pollatsek&Rayner,1985;
Pressley,2002).Adams(1994)alsopointstothefactthatwordrecognitioninvolves
payingattentiontoeveryletter,andthatittakestheremarkablefewone-hundredths
ofasecondtonoticeandregistereachindividualletterinaword(p.102).Afluent
readerisabletorecognisebetween250-300wpm(Grabe,2009).
Anothervitalcharacteristicofeffcientwordrecognitionisautomaticity.
Byautomaticityinreading,Field(2004)understandsdecodingprintedwords
withouttheconsciousanalysisoftheelementsofprint.Whenreading,decoding
andcomprehensionputstrainonworkingmemory,whichhasbeendefned
byGathercole(2009p.757,in:Dakowska,2015,p.145)asuaflexiblemental
workspacethatcanbeusedtomaintainandtransforminformationinthecourse
ofdemandingcognitiveactivities”.Thecapacityofthismentalworkspaceisquite
limited,thereforeautomaticdecodingisdesired,sinceitputsminimalstrainon
workingmemory,allowingmorecapacitytocomprehension(Field,2004,p.28).
Inskilledreadingwordrecognitionisautomatictoapointthatitlaysbeyondthe
reader’sconsciouswill,thusisunavoidable(Murray,2016).Beingabletorecognise
wordswithautomaticitycomeswithexposuretoprintandexperienceinreading,
buteveninprofcientreadingvisualwordrecognitionisunotcompletelyfreeof
capacitydemands”(Stanovich,1996,p.443).AsexplainedbyChodkiewicz(2000),
uiflexicalaccessinthereadingprocessisnotsuffcientlyautomatised,toomany
wordsundergoconsciousprocessingandtheL2learnerhastoslowdowntoomuch,
which,inextremecases,mayresultinnon-comprehensionofthetext”(p.62).
Ageneralconsensusseemstobethatthreemajorsub-processes:phonological,
orthographicandsemantic,areinvolvedinvisualwordrecognition(Adams,1990;
Perfetti,VanDyke&Hart,2001;Nassaji,2014;Stanovich,1996).Grabe(2009)
augmentsthelistandaddssyntacticprocessing,lexicalaccess,morphological
processinginmorecomplexwords,andautomaticityoftheprocessing.Theauthor
alsopointstotheimportanceofcontextinwordrecognition.
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