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INTRODUCTION
ingisthatitisnotpossibletounderstandthehistoryandstructureoftheHasmonean
statewithoutreferringtoeventsandfacts:bothprecedingJudeanindependence,early
inthestruggleagainstSyriandomination(167BCE),andfollowing,after63BCE,until
HerodascendedtotheJudeanthrone(37BCE).Forthisreason,thisentiretimespanis
subsequentlyreferredtoastheHasmoneanperiod.
TherstpartofthepresentstudyaimstoshowtheHasmoneans’actionsinabroad
historicalcontext.Withoutknowledgeofthiscontext,itwouldbedifculttounderstand
howanobscureModeinfamilycouldsuccessfullyopposethepowerfulmachineryof
theSeleucidEmpire,effectthecreationofanationstate,andgoverniteffectively.Part
twoanalyzesandinterpretsaccountsandinformationconcerninginstitutionsofthe
Hasmoneanstate.Thenotionof“stateinstitutions”isunderstoodhereasapplyingtoall
social,political,andadministrativestructureswhichhelpeddenethestateandinu-
enceditsfunctioning.Inthethirdpartmuchattentionisdevotedtorelationsbetween
theHasmoneansandthevarioussocialgroups,includingespeciallycertainreligious
circlesopposedtothem.2Toavoidexcessiverepetitionofreferencestopublicationsand
sourcesfrequentlycitedintherstpart,inparttwotheyarelimitedtoaminimum,with
referencesgivenprimarilytothesubjectbeingdiscussed.3
Themakingofthisbookbecamepossibleowingtotheassistanceofmanyinstitutions
andindividuals.ScholarshipsfromTheAndrewMellonFoundationatAlbrightInstitute
ofArchaeologicalResearch(Jerusalem2001),TheRoyalDutchAcademyofSciencesat
TheNetherlandsInstituteforAdvancedStudies(NIAS)(Wassenaar,2006/2007),and
ThedeBrzezieLanckorońskiFoundation(London)madeitpossibleformetoaccess
andusepublicationsunavailableinPolishlibrariesyetwithoutaknowledgeofwhich
thepresentbookwouldneverhaveachieveditsnalform.Iamparticularlythankfulto
NIASadministratorsandlibrarystaff.Theirkindness,efciency,andcommitmentto
creatingexcellentconditionsforscholarlyworkenabledmetowritetherstdraftwith-
intheirwalls.IamgratefultoPietervanderHorstandJudithNewman,mycolleagues
andneighborsatNIAS,fortheirpatienceandreadinesstoengageindiscussions.
Prof.HenryI.MacAdamgavemeinvaluablehelpinthenalredactionofthevol-
ume,andhiscommentsandsuggestionsenabledmetoavoidmanylapses,forwhich
Iamgreatlybeholdentohim.
IowemygratitudetoProf.AndrzejBanach,DeanoftheFacultyofHistoryatthe
JagiellonianUniversity,forfundingthetranslationofthiswork.Mr.TadeuszStanek
Iwishtothankfordoingthetranslation.
Itmustbestatedthatnoneofthepersonsandinstitutionsmentionedcanbeheld
responsiblefortheopinionsvoicedhere.Suchresponsibilityissolelytheauthor’s.
2Indiscussingthismatter,theauthorusedalargesegmentofhisownarticleconcerningtheStatutes
oftheKing,cf.Dąbrowa2008:8–12.IamverygratefultotheJagiellonianUniversityPressforconsenting
tosuchuseofit.
3Whenthisbookwasreadyforpublicationanewcommentaryon2Maccabeeswrittenby
D.R.Schwartz(2Maccabees,(CommentariesonEarlyJewishLiterature),Berlin–NewYork2008)fell
intomyhands.Itwastoolatetoincludeinmyaccounthisobservationsortodiscusshisindividualsug-
gestionsandconclusions.